tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64407389317318197562024-03-18T19:23:03.129+01:00TemplarsNowUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger419125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-28037892954670419892024-03-18T18:59:00.004+01:002024-03-18T19:16:59.950+01:00710 years after the Templar demise on March 18, 1314<span style="font-size: medium;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKZnhWfBr2iMyqVk_0g_zJ_xPP22RqudX4ktbde2gO6mPO216pu61p4SPVavNsmd_vloev4HeRY1s-QlbvSjX5u2apyqVJkfGEhCUvSP_Rd_7fHMlHn0A9QGnHcCunn1Uz03zN7QL17JIQiSUla6VXLf4NjJ2Esrbp3YOimZxxIf8XuHe9FfpHnrLrz8kX/s803/710%20years%20after%20the%20Templar%20demise%20on%20March%2018,%201314.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="803" data-original-width="800" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKZnhWfBr2iMyqVk_0g_zJ_xPP22RqudX4ktbde2gO6mPO216pu61p4SPVavNsmd_vloev4HeRY1s-QlbvSjX5u2apyqVJkfGEhCUvSP_Rd_7fHMlHn0A9QGnHcCunn1Uz03zN7QL17JIQiSUla6VXLf4NjJ2Esrbp3YOimZxxIf8XuHe9FfpHnrLrz8kX/w199-h200/710%20years%20after%20the%20Templar%20demise%20on%20March%2018,%201314.jpg" width="199" /></a></div>"</b></span>It was the final act of the Templar Trial which would set the stage for the legends that the Templars have survived to this day. On March 18, 1314 (although also March 11 has been mentioned as the most probable date), Jacques de Molay, Geoffroi de Charney, the Preceptor of Normandy, and two other high Temple officials were brought out to confess their sins in public ceremony on the Ile des Javiaux island in the Seine River, Paris, before being sentenced to perpetual imprisonment. Things went differently.<p></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p>The other two Templar officials repeated their confessions without incident. De Molay, however, finally rebelled and recanted his confession, shouting out the Order's innocence. De Charney joined him in repudiating his own confession and defending the Order. The King immediately ordered that they both be burned at the stake. Alternatively, this death sentence was a direct result of the cardinal legates' decisions and actions. They died protesting their innocence and the innocence of the Order. </p><p>By the end of the year, both Pope Clement and King Philip were dead. Within 15 years of De Molay's execution, the Capetian line -which had survived in an unbroken line of sons for over four centuries-became extinct. All four of Philip's sons died young and without direct heirs. This strange progression of events gave rise to legends attributing the Capetians' misfortune to De Molay's dying curse. As he burned, De Malay, so the tales said, called the Pope and the King to divine judgment within the year, and cursed the Capetian line, itself. These legends, like De Nogaret's charges, persist to this day.<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>" <br /></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>This blog quotes, with minor additions, from pages 69-70 of Stiles, Paula Regina, "<a href="https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2779&context=theses" target="_blank"><i>BETWEEN TWO FAITHS: THE ARABIZATION OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR DURING THE CRUSADES</i>" (1999)</a>. Open Access Master's Theses. <a href="https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1805" target="_blank">Paper 1805</a>, with some minor additions from Wikipedia. The illustration shows </span><span class="mw-mmv-title">a detail of a miniature of the burning of the Grand Master of the Templars and another Templar. </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-mmv-title">Note the shape of the island, representing the Île des </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-mmv-title">Javiaux in the Seine, where the executions took place. From the <i>Chroniques de France ou de St Denis</i>, BL Royal MS 20 C vii f. 48r, source <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Molay" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> <i><span>Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a <a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" target="_blank">Patron</a>, <a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" target="_blank">tipping us</a> or buying one of our <a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" target="_blank">Reliable Book</a></span></i></span></span> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-20883453721770166302024-03-15T23:22:00.007+01:002024-03-18T19:19:37.135+01:00How were the medieval Cistercians different?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiswzIla3c3d9VBDFrbDISv5jzf96wTvkcjjXxsGJ0FSSKdqsCTstC_MYvP5jDZ3b74DjhmbNXlIrnQ5Y1FH73qE4x0vEytxBkb_d3wwoZzvT7y4EJPi9tZWYqxAy2PWoUD-d_6HeU84oW9qyY3wwZJDmt-uSFIoB00CWepl-BuYPG29gwPsDaJ6vi-MRSi/s800/How%20were%20the%20medieval%20Cistercians%20different.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiswzIla3c3d9VBDFrbDISv5jzf96wTvkcjjXxsGJ0FSSKdqsCTstC_MYvP5jDZ3b74DjhmbNXlIrnQ5Y1FH73qE4x0vEytxBkb_d3wwoZzvT7y4EJPi9tZWYqxAy2PWoUD-d_6HeU84oW9qyY3wwZJDmt-uSFIoB00CWepl-BuYPG29gwPsDaJ6vi-MRSi/w200-h133/How%20were%20the%20medieval%20Cistercians%20different.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>The basis of the
Cistercian way of life was traditional, in that they, like other monks,
followed the Rule of St Benedict. Indeed, the reason given for the
decision in 1098 to leave Molesme for Citeaux was the failure of that community to
observe the Rule properly. So in what way did the Cistercians differ from the Benedictines?<p></p><p></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p></p><p>Benedictine houses by the eleventh
century were by their nature independent institutions. Some, it is true,
had coalesced into congregations. These, the most famous among them
being Cluny, added liturgical customs on to the basic framework of the
Benedictin Rule. </p><p>But the Cistercians went further, and over a period of time came to
devise structures which bound individual houses together in a way that
had not been tried before. The congregation of Citeaux spread rapidly:
monasteries sent out colonies, or daughter houses, to establish new
foundations, and some existing monasteries adopted Cistercian customs. For instance, in 1147 the Cistercian General Chapter admitted the entire orders of Savigny and of Obazine, the latter with both men’s and women’s houses. <br /></p><p>In order to preserve the unity of observance it was decided that each
year the abbot of each Cistercian house should travel to Citeaux to
attend the Annual General Chapter. The Chapter became the legislative
body of the Order, taking decisions and enacting decrees that regulated
the Cistercian way of life. It was also a disciplinary body, placing
penalties on those who fell short of the rigorous standards of
observance that it required. Moreover every year the abbot of each
mother house - those houses which had sent out colonies - visited each
of its daughter houses. This annual visitation was a further check on
the observance in all the monasteries of the Order. These mechanisms
were laid down in the written constitution of the Cistercians, the
<a href="https://www.archive.osb.org/cist/charta.html" target="_blank"> <i>Carta Caritatis</i></a> or Charter of Love.</p><p>By developing in this way the Cistercians invented the new idea of a monastic Order. </p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes sections, with minor alterations, of this page <a href="https://www.monasticwales.org/showarticle.php?func=showarticle&articleID=3" target="_blank">www.monasticwales.org</a> and a quote form <a href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0250.xml">oxfordbibliographies.com</a>. Illustration shows present day Citeaux Abbey, Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, Bourgogne, France, source <a href="https://www.cister.net/abbayes/fr/68/citeaux/" target="_blank">cister.net</a></span><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span><span><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span> </span></span></span></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-48829305999450022062024-03-09T13:00:00.001+01:002024-03-18T19:22:31.823+01:00Details of the Templar compound on Temple Mount Jerusalem<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfPA8S1P2y-nwrN9YbLxEFAnEEA4akZ9lY3mnbEa41IdpAA7BlcEM5A1FFvk3XxUjI0PdpTXFhE5OZujWTq617qwV5iRjdh9RpLsbUUJwmfZRpUcw1a6n5UQmSU7bJHE0TgHSndLAaR3IyZm_VJZnvb4Gkh1uXtImopY1H6md-JFb1XJvo30B3vLRcgFrD/s3748/Details%20of%20the%20Templar%20compound%20on%20Temple%20Mount%20Jerusalem.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2484" data-original-width="3748" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfPA8S1P2y-nwrN9YbLxEFAnEEA4akZ9lY3mnbEa41IdpAA7BlcEM5A1FFvk3XxUjI0PdpTXFhE5OZujWTq617qwV5iRjdh9RpLsbUUJwmfZRpUcw1a6n5UQmSU7bJHE0TgHSndLAaR3IyZm_VJZnvb4Gkh1uXtImopY1H6md-JFb1XJvo30B3vLRcgFrD/w200-h133/Details%20of%20the%20Templar%20compound%20on%20Temple%20Mount%20Jerusalem.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>What did Temple Mount look like during Templar times, so between about 1120 and 1187? Theoderich, who visited Jerusalem probably in 1169, describes the Templar buildings in great detail. <p></p><p></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p>"East of the Palace of Solomon (the present day Al-Aqsa mosque, TN) are houses, galleries for walking, gardens, places of assembly and rainwater reservoirs, with baths, storage rooms and granaries underneath them. The subterranean stables, erected by King Solomon, consisting of arches and vaults, can hold 10,000 horses and their grooms. West of the palace the Templars erected a large, tall new house whose very high gabled roof runs counter to local custom. Evidently Theoderich is contrasting it with the flat roofs common in the Levant. He goes on to relate that the Templars built there a new cloister that parallels the old one east of the palace – and several twelfth-century maps of Jerusalem do indeed show a <i>claustrum Salomonis</i> west of the <i>Templum Solomoni</i>. Theoderich adds that on one side of the new cloister the Templars are constructing a new church ofastonishing size and workmanship. Later he mentions that they built a southern forewall to protect their compound.
</p><p class="text_indent">Theoderich’s description of the Templar building activities west of the palace is corroborated by the account of Saladin’s secretary ‘Imād al-Dīn al-Isfahānī, who dwells in some detail on the purification of the Aqsa Mosque during the week that followed the Muslim reconquest of Jerusalem in 1187. ‘Imād al-Dīn reports that to the west of the mosque the Templars had erected ‘a vast edifice and a high church’ – evidently Theoderich’s large, tall new house and his new church of astonishing size and workmanship. Saladin ordered that they be removed. The Templars, writes his secretary, built a wall in front (i.e., north) of the mosque’s prayer niche (<i>mihrāb</i>) and turned the area beyond the wall into a granary or, some said, into latrines; Saladin ordered that the wall be destroyed and the <i>mihrāb</i> unveiled. The partition walls that the Templars had erected between the mosque’s columns were demolished; mats of reed were replaced with precious carpets; and the sumptuous preacher’s pulpit prepared by Saladin’s predecessor Nūr al-Dīn was solemnly installed in the purified mosque. (...).</p>
<p class="text_indent">Thus the written sources enable us to envisage, west of the palace, a large building topped by a gabled roof, a cloister, and a high, richly decorated church; inside the palace – a church, a refectory, a chapter house, an infirmary, chambers created by partition walls linking the palace’s columns, and a granary or latrines near the southern wall; east of the palace – houses, galleries, gardens, places of assembly and rainwater reservoirs and, underneath them, baths, storage rooms, granaries and stables."</p><p></p><div class="author1"><p class="ch_author1"><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes extensively, with minor edits from the paper "<i>Vestiges of Templar presence in the Aqsa Mosque" </i>by<i> </i>Benjamin Z. Kedar, from: <i><a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Templars-and-their-Sources/Borchardt-Doring-Josserand-Nicholson/p/book/9780367890193" target="_blank">The Templars and their Sources</a>, </i>Edited By Karl Borchardt, Karoline Döring, Philippe Josserand, Helen Nicholson (2017, Routledge). The illustration shows the Al-Aqsa mosque seen from outside the south-west corner of the Temple plateau or </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-mmv-title">Haram al-Sharif. Picture by Berthold Werner, source <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>. Public Domain<br /></span></span></p>
</div><p class="text_indent" style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-83678795450332370842024-03-01T18:48:00.001+01:002024-03-02T17:42:41.537+01:00The Templars' religious presence in Medieval Europe<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIQRvTX67jwPA3ogNO_tnqEYlZQWtwUJXyDRxZ4KqQ9pri5k9F1-N_5fL-g0PogPKOHn5hYcitX4cyucq9JSjixX4DQfb5k-339NoATQ34y4CVB1_H9ZwTd1jIMrbDTGUw384LYcR-YUs3YzYkAWxwCdULTuBpTND_PuqTzRlmJ2x902PAJhxje8rqH7Fg/s1365/The%20Templars'%20religious%20presence%20in%20Medieval%20Europe.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="910" data-original-width="1365" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIQRvTX67jwPA3ogNO_tnqEYlZQWtwUJXyDRxZ4KqQ9pri5k9F1-N_5fL-g0PogPKOHn5hYcitX4cyucq9JSjixX4DQfb5k-339NoATQ34y4CVB1_H9ZwTd1jIMrbDTGUw384LYcR-YUs3YzYkAWxwCdULTuBpTND_PuqTzRlmJ2x902PAJhxje8rqH7Fg/w200-h133/The%20Templars'%20religious%20presence%20in%20Medieval%20Europe.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>Still very little is known about the military orders’ religious
functions in the dioceses in medieval Europe in which they held ecclesiastical possessions.
What were relevant aspects of Templar religious involvement in medieval society in general
and the reactions of senior clergymen to the Templars’ religious
engagement on the parish level in particular? How did the
Templars expand their network of parish churches and
engage with the lay public? <b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b><p></p><p><b><span></span></b></p><a name='more'></a><b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b><p></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b>The military orders were the most radical expression of a spiritual development in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries that favored action over contemplation. Public engagement, for example, through charitable work, could form part of these activities, although for the Templars it never became an end in itself. The rule of the Order of the Temple clearly favored an introspective spiritual development through outward action guided by right intentions. This means that although they engaged in the world, the Templars’ motivation for doing so was ultimately self-centered and in line with Cistercian ideas of inward spiritual edification. Consequently, the Templars were strongly discouraged from celebrating the offices in the company of laymen. And parishioners who entered churches under Templar patronage would therefore seldom have encountered professed Templar brothers practicing their devotion. (...)</p><p></p><p>This, however, is not to say that laymen and laywomen were not aware that the Templars had a religious presence, and were religiously active, in their parishes. Like other religious communities, the Templars marked their ecclesiastical possessions and decorated their devotional spaces with their insignia, usually the Templar cross. The Templars’ activities brought them into frequent contact with laypeople and ecclesiastics alike, who visited their churches, associated with them temporarily, helped them through the liturgical routine of the year, or sought spiritual assistance and advocacy. (...) In spite of the fundamental skepticism regarding the spiritual worth of Templar activities, however, the religiosity of the Temple itself was never questioned. Popes, bishops, and prelates entrusted the Order with spiritual responsibilities and religious duties and interfered if they thought the Templars were overstepping or abusing their privileges. But they never argued that the Order was fundamentally unfit to perform them. (...)</p><p>At the local level, the Order seems to have been quite keen to expand its religious presence and engage with laymen. The inventory lists of Templar houses and the accounts of lawsuits and complaints issued by other religious suggest that religious activity was taken seriously in the Temple and that considerable energy was spent on the creation of devotional spaces that Templars as well as laymen could use. Recent research into the liturgical inventories of Templar chapels and churches has shown that a number of these spaces (especially in Spain) allowed for carrying out a variety of liturgical tasks in an environment and visual context that was often laden with color and symbolic meaning. (An example is the church of Montsaunès, which is famous for its intriguing and colourful frescoes, TN). What the present study has shown is that the churches and chapels secured the Order a place on the religious map of medieval Europe and that in France, England, and the Iberian Peninsula at least, the Templars pursued the opportunities offered by these places to engage with the wider public and create parishioners quite aggressively, to such an extent that they have been described as “agents of civic religion.” <b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes part of the conclusions of the paper <i><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/traditio/article/aspects-and-problems-of-the-templars-religious-presence-in-medieval-europe-from-the-twelfth-to-the-early-fourteenth-century/752EF1211AAC0D9C659B9FDF53860A4A" target="_blank">Aspects and problems of the Templars' religious presence in Medieval Europe from the twelfth to the early fourteenth century</a></i> by Jochen Schenk (2016), published on line by Cambridge University Press. Fair Use intended. Illustration shows Montsaunès, Saint-Christophe-des-templiers church, north facade, splayed capitals (Kristobalite, 2013, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0), <a href="https://epiphania.hypotheses.org/137" target="_blank">source</a>.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span> </span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-mmv-title"></span></span>
</p><p class="text_indent" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span></span></p><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-40950473033639828742024-02-23T11:53:00.003+01:002024-02-24T10:46:30.491+01:00The relationship between early Templars and the first Kings of Jerusalem<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlSCJrAW9KrTE19RSZGeuUJMamkDTeDyth_XykZy_hLibEa-Ag6TbMSMEuJ2zlulMkiLNbd7SIzgg5X2DBvAcdeprCBCeDnaT85umAl30QJozsdLfwce91fTskKoHYb7n5_cc1Fgxx9SDqfaPs-Qith0S12FYZhyjiOavs7g87nTsc6y3RMfWt8M2B7UNg/s320/The%20relationship%20between%20early%20Templars%20and%20the%20first%20Kings%20of%20Jerusalem.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="320" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlSCJrAW9KrTE19RSZGeuUJMamkDTeDyth_XykZy_hLibEa-Ag6TbMSMEuJ2zlulMkiLNbd7SIzgg5X2DBvAcdeprCBCeDnaT85umAl30QJozsdLfwce91fTskKoHYb7n5_cc1Fgxx9SDqfaPs-Qith0S12FYZhyjiOavs7g87nTsc6y3RMfWt8M2B7UNg/w200-h197/The%20relationship%20between%20early%20Templars%20and%20the%20first%20Kings%20of%20Jerusalem.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p></p><p>How was the relationship between the early Templars and the first kings of Jerusalem?</p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>"</b></span>Scholars generally agree on the characteristics of the relationship between the Templars and the kings of Jerusalem. In the twelfth century, the Order became increasingly important, as it protected the growing number of pilgrims and assisted with the kingdom’s defense. While the Order’s ‘independent action[s]’ occasionally collided with ‘monarchical authority’, there appears to have been a ‘profonde solidarité’ between Templars and kings. In the thirteenth century, due to their rivalry with the Hospitallers and their own political ambitions, the Templars played their role as ‘guardians of the Holy Land’ less effectively, though some contemporaries continued to acknowledge their respective function. (...)</p><p>Many of the Templars’ high officials either belonged to the nobility or enjoyed royal patronage. This was less pronounced with regard to the Hospitallers, which is why the Templars soon outranked them in the hierarchy of the charters’ witness lists. (...) a close relationship between the Templar masters and the kings of Jerusalem was not established until 1153 when, beginning with Andrew of Montbard’s mastership, ‘the Templar masters regularly stayed at court and appeared in royal charters among the top witnesses’. Yet, (...) this close relationship dates, in fact, back to the earlier decades of the twelfth century.</p><p>A chronological survey of Templars at the court of Jerusalem starts in 1119, when Hugh of Payns, the soon-to-be first Templar master, witnessed a charter issued by King Baldwin II as the fourth of eleven witnesses, namely after the chancellor and the vicecomes of Acre, but before the lord of Toron. In 1125, Hugh, now ‘master of the knights of the Temple’ (magister militum Templi), witnessed another charter issued by Baldwin II, this time as the last of 23 distinguished witnesses, which perhaps indicates that the royal chancery had not yet determined where to place him in his capacity as the leader of this new ‘religious-military’ community. It is noteworthy that the designation ‘knights of the Temple’ (milites Templi) was in use in 1125, because it suggests that the group’s residence in the al-Aqsa Mosque, the crusaders’ Templum Salomonis, which had been given to the Templars by the king in an act described by William of Tyre as merely ‘provisional’ (ad tempus), may by this time already have become a permanent arrangement. (...)</p><p>André de Montbard, a future Templar seneschal, his Order’s fifth
master, a member of the Burgundian nobility, and an uncle of the famous
Cistercian abbot Bernard de Clairvaux, served from approximately 1130 on, when
he was still a mere Templar brother (though one of the founding members, TN), as one of Baldwin II’s envoys and
later enjoyed the trust of Queen Melisende. (...) <br /></p><p>In 1144, the Burgundian Templar Geoffrey Fulcherii, one of the twelfth century’s ‘éminences grises’, made his first appearance at the court of Jerusalem. A procurator and preceptor in his Order’s central convent by 1164, Geoffrey traveled to the West at least five times, served as King Amalric’s envoy to Egypt in 1167, and later represented his Order at the papal curia, as well as the royal courts of England and France. (...)</p><p>Several individuals enjoyed long on-again, off-again careers at the court of Jerusalem, including the time before joining the Order and, in at least one case, after leaving the Order. Thus, Geoffrey Fulcherii’s and Odo of St Amand’s respective careers at court lasted 24 years (1144–68 and 1155–79), that of Philip of Nablus 31 years (1138–69) (...).<br /></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">Overall, the charter evidence suggests that, for much of the twelfth century, the Templars stayed close to the kings of Jerusalem, but the relationship was, as we can see especially in the cases of Odo of St Amand and Gerard of Ridefort, at times ‘complicated’.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>"</b></span></p><div class="author1"><p class="ch_author1"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.templarsnow.com/2021/05/the-medieval-religious-orders-as-peace.html" target="_blank">Another blog </a>zooms in on the peace negotiating abilities of the military Orders.</span></p></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"></span><p class="ch_author1"><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes extensively, with minor edits from the paper "<i>The Templars and the kings of Jerusalem" </i>by Jochen Burgtorf<i>, </i> from: <i><a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Templars-and-their-Sources/Borchardt-Doring-Josserand-Nicholson/p/book/9780367890193" target="_blank">The Templars and their Sources</a>, </i>Edited By Karl Borchardt, Karoline Döring, Philippe Josserand, Helen Nicholson (2017, Routledge). The illustration shows the marriage of Amalric I of Jerusalem and Maria Comnena at Tyre in 1167. <span class="mw-mmv-title">source <a href="https://nobility.org/2015/02/crusades-3/" target="_blank">nobility.org</a>. Fair Use intended.<br /></span></span></p>
<p class="text_indent" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span></span></p>Templars Nowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04305629667067062801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-56845623817848929872024-02-13T17:52:00.003+01:002024-02-14T12:43:04.839+01:00 The Latin Liturgy of Jerusalem: a mixture of old and new, Occidental and Oriental<p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6OYmetgjR6CNzvyJKO6AR4RV1zummKuwOEaTtIAl0o8zPFl0f_IIQFBIn4xNoHA9DU6GOABtZB1zjU-HvSuFmYy8h-6t9JD-yakCsPz0jUkboi-qmnMp7SfK0fz08WdLRyOlQPWxI-3IBkIQn9jlZlGi31uBWSjcRDt3XTOBjnxAcM0pzigOoXUafFDf4/s1280/The%20Latin%20Liturgy%20of%20Jerusalem%20a%20mixture%20of%20old%20and%20new%20Occidental%20and%20Oriental.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="834" data-original-width="1280" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6OYmetgjR6CNzvyJKO6AR4RV1zummKuwOEaTtIAl0o8zPFl0f_IIQFBIn4xNoHA9DU6GOABtZB1zjU-HvSuFmYy8h-6t9JD-yakCsPz0jUkboi-qmnMp7SfK0fz08WdLRyOlQPWxI-3IBkIQn9jlZlGi31uBWSjcRDt3XTOBjnxAcM0pzigOoXUafFDf4/w200-h131/The%20Latin%20Liturgy%20of%20Jerusalem%20a%20mixture%20of%20old%20and%20new%20Occidental%20and%20Oriental.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>"</span></b>The 12th century liturgy of Jerusalem was immensely important in the newly created socio-cultural and sacral landscape. Unique rites were established and formed part of a large project aimed at transforming the post-Byzantine Muslim city of Jerusalem into the Latin capital of their Kingdom and a spiritual centre of the Christian world. How was this accomplished?<p></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p></p><p></p><p>Following the First Crusade, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the Jerusalem patriarchate were appropriated by the new Latin ecclesiastical hierarchy, while the Greek-Orthodox clergy was relegated to a secondary position in the services at the church. In 1114 the secular canons residing at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre were reformed and became regular canons following the rule of Saint Augustine. </p><p>The other important shrine churches of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were also occupied by regular canons and most likely followed the practice of Jerusalem, as did the Hospitallers, the Templars and later the Carmelites. The new practices established in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre were thus widely influential. After the reform of 1114, the Church of Jerusalem was, furthermore, an instrument for propagating the policies and ideas of the reform papacy in the Holy Land.</p><p>The liturgy of Jerusalem (...) had initially depended on the random availability of liturgical books of diverse European origin. These combined to establish the Jerusalem practice, which naturally remained fundamentally Western European in character but nonetheless adopted local traditions. The challenges of devising the liturgical program (included, TN) (...) constructing a new liturgical language from the various usages in the West; choosing local Eastern traditions to be adopted and continued within the programme; Finding a balance between their enthusiasm for the terrestrial city of which they were finally in possession, and its emblematic image as the celestial city. <br /></p><p>The establishment of a Latin liturgy in Jerusalem was thus a process of recreating and reformulating familiar texts and rituals, as has been shown in a number of recent studies of the Latin liturgy of Jerusalem. They illustrate ever more clearly the ritual resources of the religious, cultural and devotional milieu of Frankish Jerusalem. </p><p>That the texts and practices imported from the West were not the only source of inspiration informing the liturgy is evident in several ways. Local Byzantine cultic dispositions were reflected in the names of locally venerated saints preserved in the Latin Calendars of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The Frankish liturgy adopted some pre-crusade Eastern ceremonies, the most prominent being the celebration of the miracle of the Holy Fire, which continued to be celebrated but in a new Latin garb and drew a massive audience, as it still does today. </p><p>The process of liturgical development was to evolve alongside continued interaction with the local Oriental traditions and their representatives. It has been demonstrated that the local Oriental clergy operated alongside the Latin one in Jerusalem’s holiest shrines. This continuity was manifest especially on major feasts, but it can also be seen in places of shared veneration, for which we have growing evidence.(...) </p><p></p>Other examples of liturgical adjustment and awareness of innovation that have been noted are: the liturgical manuscripts from Jerusalem that clearly mark the occasions on which a distinction was made between what they call ‘old rituals’ and what they call new ones. The effort and thought that the clergy invested in elaborating their liturgy is not least reflected in their deliberations on whether and how to celebrate major events – as seen, for example, in the performance of the Visitatio Sepulchri on Easter morning – which are documented in the Ordinal of Barletta and other liturgical texts. They also faced the need to devise entirely new celebrations – famously, the Liberation Ceremony for 15 July – and solemn practices connected with the relic of the True Cross. These examples portray the religious ritual as a critical junction of tradition and change.<p></p><p>It thus seems fair to say that the Jerusalem liturgy established a conscious dialogue with the past, building on Western traditions as well as traditions inherited from the pre-crusade centuries, which posited ritual resources credited with the religious authority of the Early Christian origins.<b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b> </p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes, with some minor adaptations, from "<i>The ‘Holy Women’ in the Liturgy and Art of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Twelfth-Century Jerusalem</i>" by Iris Shagrir (2017, in: <i>The Uses of the Bible in Crusader Sources,</i> ed. E. Lapina and N. Morton (Brill, 2017), pp. 455-475), source <a href="https://www.academia.edu/18328916/The_Holy_Women_in_the_Liturgy_and_Art_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_in_Twelfth_Century_Jerusalem_in_The_Uses_of_the_Bible_in_Crusader_Sources_ed_E_Lapina_and_N_Morton_Brill_2017_pp_455_475">academia.edu</a>. Illustration </span><span class="mw-mmv-title"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Church of the Holy Sepulchre cropped to approximately the area of the original church, photo Gerd Eichmann, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" target="_blank">source Wikipedia</a>, CC BY-SA 4.0</span> <br /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span title=""><span>Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a <a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" target="_blank">Patron</a>, <a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" target="_blank">tipping us</a> or buying one of our <a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span></p><br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-37764417656593379702024-02-03T16:08:00.009+01:002024-02-17T14:19:12.156+01:00The Templar compound on Temple Mount Jerusalem<p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWS8I770b0i8QnKLB3uXOWohYCHjC_f68My7oSomuZ0J09WUz0N2y_xtgw8iK49D9bNMYZuYNliK0HPHMRwrHz7DpLSwhnREBTyUDORK7CELJFBhhYMAH0nrYMW1XY8yHky__bnjswUGs0tr7ryB8UUfrHnRVIqoauL0ebtK9lQ5nrIDIFCdlW7yij583n/s1024/The%20Templar%20compound%20on%20Temple%20Mount%20Jersualem.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="769" data-original-width="1024" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWS8I770b0i8QnKLB3uXOWohYCHjC_f68My7oSomuZ0J09WUz0N2y_xtgw8iK49D9bNMYZuYNliK0HPHMRwrHz7DpLSwhnREBTyUDORK7CELJFBhhYMAH0nrYMW1XY8yHky__bnjswUGs0tr7ryB8UUfrHnRVIqoauL0ebtK9lQ5nrIDIFCdlW7yij583n/w200-h150/The%20Templar%20compound%20on%20Temple%20Mount%20Jersualem.jpg" width="200" /></a>"Shortly after the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099, the Al-Aqsa mosque became the residence of the Frankish kings of Jerusalem. But the kings were not able to maintain the building in the condition in which they had found it." Perhaps that is what inspired king Baldwin II to lend the site to the young Templar Order. A reconstruction.</p><p></p><p></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p></p><p>"Foucher of Chartres (1059- after 1128), the chaplain of King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, writes (in his Chronicle <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Francorum_Iherusalem_peregrinantium" target="_blank" title="">Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Peregrinantium</a></i>, started about 1101 and finished around 1128, TN) that because of lack of money the king was unable to repair the building’s roof, and when lead fell from it, he would sell it to merchants. Indeed he would even order the lead to be stripped, and then sell it. Later, in the second redaction of his chronicle, Foucher describes the building (probably mainly the building's eastern part, TN) as already largely ruined.</p><p>In about 1120 King Baldwin II assented to lend for some time the Temple or Palace of Solomon to the young Templar Order. Its <a href="https://www.templarsnow.com/2020/10/the-templar-rule-its-multiple-origin.html" target="_blank">Primitive Rule</a> (after 1129, TN) implies that the palace, after having come into Templar hands, would have comprised a refectory, a church, a chapter house, and an infirmary. Usāma ibn Munqidh (1095-1188) relates that beside the Aqsa Mosque stood a small mosque that the Franks turned into a church. Al-Idrīsī (1100-1166), the Muslim geographer who worked at the Norman court in Palermo, wrote around 1154 that the Templars converted the Aqsa Mosque into chambers in which their companies were lodged. </p><p>Yet, even as the Templars adjusted the building to their needs, the kings of Jerusalem continued to regard it as their property. To demonstrate that the Templars were holding it merely on loan, they would host there a festive dinner immediately upon their coronation. (...) Nevertheless the Templars engaged in extensive building activities near the erstwhile mosque. Johann of Würzburg, whose pilgrimage has been dated to 1160-1170, relates that the Templars have near the Palace of Solomon many large and spacious edifices and that they are erecting there a large new church that has not yet been completed. </p><p></p><p>Theoderich, who visited Jerusalem probably in 1169, describes the Templar buildings in greater detail." His description is the subject of a another blog.</p><p></p><div class="author1"><p class="ch_author1"><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes extensively, with minor edits from the paper "<i>Vestiges of Templar presence in the Aqsa Mosque" </i>by<i> </i>Benjamin Z. Kedar, from: <i><a href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Templars-and-their-Sources/Borchardt-Doring-Josserand-Nicholson/p/book/9780367890193" target="_blank">The Templars and their Sources</a>, </i>Edited By Karl Borchardt, Karoline Döring, Philippe Josserand, Helen Nicholson (2017, Routledge). The illustration shows Temple Mount or Haram al-Sharif </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">today, with the Al-Aqsa mosque situated at the Southern end (the square building with the small dome). picture </span><span class="mw-mmv-source-author" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-mmv-author mw-mmv-source">Andrew Shiva / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque#" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>, </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="mw-mmv-license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0" target="_blank">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></span></p>
</div><p class="text_indent" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-58257443584731977082024-01-28T16:53:00.007+01:002024-02-14T12:48:50.173+01:00Jerusalem - Templar purpose and alibi in Bernard's "De laude novae militiae"<span style="font-size: medium;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAhylhZXjEH9oGy3CAVz2qUoVEK-ZtPoKG-01pclz7KqEU0kBw8l0K4_2fCFYJq2zbNZYm67zAD0qsKiMjahib3fcemMTzFbdMW2__tfx7DbdWOgpGiNbOhOVg6cyJ7IU8IKGcTHEsIwV9tWrNXcXgXVAW5AqxnCmuPiD1sq1cQzjyrbYkxvz3qRu5M3OR/s528/Jerusalem%20-%20Templar%20purpose%20and%20alibi%20in%20Bernard's%20De%20laude%20novae%20militiae.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="528" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAhylhZXjEH9oGy3CAVz2qUoVEK-ZtPoKG-01pclz7KqEU0kBw8l0K4_2fCFYJq2zbNZYm67zAD0qsKiMjahib3fcemMTzFbdMW2__tfx7DbdWOgpGiNbOhOVg6cyJ7IU8IKGcTHEsIwV9tWrNXcXgXVAW5AqxnCmuPiD1sq1cQzjyrbYkxvz3qRu5M3OR/w200-h151/Jerusalem%20-%20Templar%20purpose%20and%20alibi%20in%20Bernard's%20De%20laude%20novae%20militiae.gif" width="200" /></a></div>"</b></span><i>De laude novae militiae</i>, the famous eulogy written by Bernard of Clairvaux during the stay of Hugues de Payns in Europe in 1127 or 1128, contains several thoughts about the functions of the new Templar chivalry and the battles that the Templars are waging in the East. What details about the headquarters of the order exist and what the conception of Jerusalem prevailed in the clerical consciousness of the first half of the 12th century? (...)<p></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p>Bernard's demonstration is quite simple. As Jerusalem is the City of the King of Kings, a contingent of Christian knights must defend its walls without hesitation. The city being sacred, a religious order rather than a secular community is called to fulfill this role. According to Bernard, a Templar is a minister of God dedicated to punishing the evildoers and praising the good. If he kills an evil Saracen, he is in no way a murderer but a hero of Christianity. Thanks to this metaphor, Bernard created the concept of malicidium which would be used to justify strings of massacres in the Late Middle Ages. (...)</p><p></p><p>From the Templars, he gathered several pieces of information on the organization of their headquarters in Jerusalem. His description of the building is as realistic as it is idealized when he states: “In the exact Temple in Jerusalem they have their base. It is not as splendid and grandiose as the revered Temple of Solomon, but no less glorious. (...) All the beauty and the magnificent and charming decoration of the current Temple embody the fervor of their occupants, as well as their attitude marked by discipline. Bernard of Clairvaux defends the simplicity of the Templars who want to decorate the House of God only with holiness according to a Solomonic Psalm (Ps XCII;5). The Templars replaced the liturgical objects of the ancient Temple with saddles, bits and spears because of their membership in chivalry. (...)</p><p>One of the goals of <i>De laude novae militiae</i> was to overcome objections against the brothers, emphasizing their participation in the defense of Jerusalem. The end of the treaty invites the population of Jerusalem to celebrate this military involvement. (...) To convince his audience, Bernard of Clairvaux describes the sanctuaries controlled by the Latins on the outskirts of Jerusalem. It highlights the primacy of the Holy Sepulcher and the fact that pilgrims feel safe and comfortable when entering Jerusalem, after having faced a plethora of dangers on sea and land. Their exultation is linked to the military activity of the Templars who are the natural defenders of the City. <span style="font-size: medium;"><b> "</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes sections, translated from French by TN and with minor adaptions, of <i>La place de Jérusalem dans la pensée templière </i>by Claverie, P-V, (2023) in Cadernos Culturais Nabantinos, III (2023), pp. 37-50, published on <a href="https://www.academia.edu/107380265/_La_place_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_dans_la_pens%C3%A9e_templi%C3%A8re_Cadernos_Culturais_Nabantinos_III_2023_pp_37_50">academia.edu</a>. The illustration shows the fresco of a Templar in Cressac chappel, <a href="https://www.herodote.net/23_janvier_1120-evenement-11200123.php" target="_blank">source</a>, <br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span> <br /></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-81864805861774381412024-01-18T16:57:00.004+01:002024-02-14T12:51:50.513+01:00Historiography of the Knights Templar - fact and fiction<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-meyd1AcEoMEqPny9HMl2oQC9MMpEKQYBU_oL4Ih5G2-ZfXXs1n-KVVNUOrNmLdI8_WgfvCLJXJWX-KIeO5QpqbRruyW9yRbULM7pTZ0iurK2mWTa4XOqyPyaRGHgW_RX_FB1DlogHrXrjW3C2S2uA7PWCEvd2cin9q0Lr3P4Y3nt4e_68VsHQBHmUjc4/s803/Historiography%20of%20the%20Knights%20Templar%20-%20fact%20and%20fiction.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="803" data-original-width="800" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-meyd1AcEoMEqPny9HMl2oQC9MMpEKQYBU_oL4Ih5G2-ZfXXs1n-KVVNUOrNmLdI8_WgfvCLJXJWX-KIeO5QpqbRruyW9yRbULM7pTZ0iurK2mWTa4XOqyPyaRGHgW_RX_FB1DlogHrXrjW3C2S2uA7PWCEvd2cin9q0Lr3P4Y3nt4e_68VsHQBHmUjc4/w199-h200/Historiography%20of%20the%20Knights%20Templar%20-%20fact%20and%20fiction.jpg" width="199" /></a></div> <span style="font-size: medium;">"</span>The historiography of the Knights Templar is long, complex, and generously laced with fiction and legend. It overlaps with the historiographies of The Masonic Temple, the myths of the Grail, and the legends surrounding somewhat more concrete relics, such as the Shroud of Turin, and the splinter of the True Cross, which was captured by (and disappeared under) Saladin. How to distinguish between fact and fiction?<p></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>Several contemporary writers at the time of the <a href="https://www.templarsnow.com/2023/11/the-templar-trials-more-than-one.html" target="_blank">Templar Trials (1307-1314, TN)</a>, and later in the 14th century, mentioned the Templars. Those sources that were not French tended to be sympathetic. Italian writers like Dante (1265–1321) and Bocaccio ((1313-1375) portrayed them in an especially good light. Dante scholars believe that Dante was attacking Philip the Fair, more than supporting the Templars, in his reference to the Trial, when he placed Philip in Hell. Dante resented Philip for invading northern Italy, and used the Trial as a symbol of his rapacious appetite for power.</p><p>Historiographically speaking, the Templars dropped out of sight for the next few hundred years after their fall. Those Templars who had survived the Trial experienced a variety of fates. Some (in Cyprus, Germany and Italy) were absorbed into the Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights. Many others (mostly in<br />France) were scattered to various monasteries in ones and twos. In Spain, some were absorbed into the various secular military chivalric orders which had sprung up in imitation of the religious military orders. Others went over to the Muslims. Finally, in Portugal, the Templars and Hospitallers were merged into one secular group of knights, who still referred to themselves as Templars in the 16th century. Through this process of assimilation, the Templars were mostly forgotten for the next three centuries.</p><p>A good rule of thumb for the serious Templar historian is to view with great skepticism any document which claims to chronicle the survival of the Templars following the burning of their last Grand Master in 1314. Most of these documents date from the late 17th century onward. They purport to be written records of oral
traditions dating back to the 14th century but have more to say about the rise of the Freemasons and Romanticism than they do about the medieval Templars.<span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>This blog quotes, with minor additions, from pages 69-70 of Stiles, Paula Regina, "<a href="https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2779&context=theses" target="_blank"><i>BETWEEN TWO FAITHS: THE ARABIZATION OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR DURING THE CRUSADES</i>" (1999)</a>. Open Access Master's Theses. <a href="https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1805" target="_blank">Paper 1805</a>, with some minor additions from Wikipedia. The illustration shows </span><span class="mw-mmv-title">a detail of a miniature of the burning of the Grand Master of the Templars and another Templar. </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-mmv-title">Note the shape of the island, representing the Île des </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-mmv-title">Javiaux in the Seine, where the executions took place. From the <i>Chroniques de France ou de St Denis</i>, BL Royal MS 20 C vii f. 48r, source <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Molay" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>, Public Domain.<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> <i><span>Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a <a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" target="_blank">Patron</a>, <a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" target="_blank">tipping us</a> or buying one of our <a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" target="_blank">Reliable Book</a></span></i></span></span> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-58269531248398457842024-01-12T11:27:00.004+01:002024-02-14T13:04:03.455+01:00Natural setbacks for crusaders: plagues, droughts and earthquakes<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0s2tZ5dmW0BKeks5K0dukx3-vZVrBQvmTqCwbtZK2qMRwgN0NQphWIrJWvkwRd2rQFzsz7raLMO-ZaCRQdiNKfN57o8ReGYED3waJxNOPiX1G_GPvH6tLQQfLMymCepSC2usZMcn25hMeX9AA6xP02WsuZtSFHAsAVF5PZjGXQAtvM1oOXvRuDLzPp5Nd/s1340/Natural%20setbacks%20for%20crusaders%20plagues,%20droughts%20and%20earthquakes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1340" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0s2tZ5dmW0BKeks5K0dukx3-vZVrBQvmTqCwbtZK2qMRwgN0NQphWIrJWvkwRd2rQFzsz7raLMO-ZaCRQdiNKfN57o8ReGYED3waJxNOPiX1G_GPvH6tLQQfLMymCepSC2usZMcn25hMeX9AA6xP02WsuZtSFHAsAVF5PZjGXQAtvM1oOXvRuDLzPp5Nd/w200-h112/Natural%20setbacks%20for%20crusaders%20plagues,%20droughts%20and%20earthquakes.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>During their campaigns, the crusaders faced not only Muslim opponents but also natural misfortunes such as plagues, droughts and earthquakes.<span><a name='more'></a></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><b>"</b></span>Raymond of Aguilers is one of several writers to describe how starvation gripped the crusaders’ camp during the winter of 1097–8, a situation exacerbated on the kalends of January (1 January 1098), when there was a frightening earth tremor. </p><p>In the twenty years between 1097 and 1117, Fulcher of Chartres recorded six separate earthquakes, including the most serious in 1114, which, although the epicentre appears to have been at Marash, which was destroyed, was strong enough to damage buildings in Antioch, 60 miles to the south. <br /></p><p>The twelfth century was a particularly active period for earthquakes in this region, culminating in May<br />1202, when, according to Philip of Plessis, master of the Temple, ‘we suffered the sort of earthquakes not seen since the creation of the world’. <br /></p><p>Equal in severity to that of 1202 was the Syrian earthquake of 29 June 1170, which brought down the cathedral of St Peter in Antioch, as well as the walls of the city, and ruined many of the great castles of the military orders in the county of Tripoli. Muslim cities were similarly struck, especially Aleppo, Hama, Homs and Baalbek. Tremors were felt as far south as Jerusalem and as far north and east as the Jacobite monastery of Mar Hanania, near Mardin, over 100 miles east of Edessa. Aftershocks continued for three to four months.</p><p>The earthquakes of August and November 1114 had been preceded in the spring by locusts, which, says Walter, the chancellor of Antioch between c.1114 and c.1122, ‘stole nearly all the things necessary to feed the farmers of Syria. Then they were dispersed partly by crawling along the ground, partly through the air, and they afflicted almost the whole region of the eastern Christians to the same devastating effect.’ It was not only crops that were vulnerable. Ambroise, the Norman poet who took part in the Third Crusade, describes the afflictions of King Richard’s army in August 1191. Encamped<br />south of Haifa, they were disturbed during the night by an ‘attack from stinging worms and tarantulas which harassed them greatly, stinging the pilgrims who would at once swell up’.<span style="font-size: small;"><b>"</b></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">T<span>his blog quotes sections, slightly editedand rearranged, from <i>The Crusader States</i> by Malcom Barber, (2012, p 161, 251</span><span>-252</span><span>)</span><span>, Yale University Press. Fair Use intended. Illustration shows locusts plague in present day Madagascar. source <a href="https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/locust-plague-campaign-gets-results-madagascar" target="_blank">un.org</a>, FairUse<br /></span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></div>Templars Nowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04305629667067062801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-55919337767932082082024-01-06T16:05:00.004+01:002024-01-06T16:12:05.809+01:00Administration in the early Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_35v-36r.jpg/1280px-Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_35v-36r.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="800" height="142" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_35v-36r.jpg/1280px-Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_35v-36r.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>By the end of 1110, the administrative shape of the crusader states in Syria and Palestine can be discerned. How were secular and religous rule established?<p></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p></p><p>"King Baldwin I was the head of a feudal hierarchy in the kingdom of Jerusalem, including the lands held by Tancred, and overlord of the rulers of Tripoli and Edessa. His kingdom extended as far north as Beirut, while his expedition beyond the Dead Sea in 1100 and his persistent attempts to overcome Ascalon suggest plans for southern expansion once circumstances allowed. In this year, too, is found the first mention of the existence of burgesses (burgenses), whose activities came under the control of a royal official, the viscount. Burgesses were key subjects of the king, covering a great range of non-noble occupations, including administrators, professions, traders and farmers, and were clearly numerous enough by this date to form a definable group. They are listed as the third of the Crown’s lay orders, after the magnates (optimates) and knights (milites). By the 1140s, they were encompassed within a more formal legal structure in the shape of a Court of Burgesses, found not only in Jerusalem but also in other royal cities, most notably Acre and Tyre, (...) </p><p>The patriarch of Jerusalem was the ruler of the Church, perceived as key both as spiritual leader and as a source of supply for defence, as well as presiding over an embryonic diocesan structure that included the archbishop of Caesarea and the bishops of Lydda-Ramla, Bethlehem and Nazareth, and a developing network of monastic houses, endowed by seculars prompted both by piety and economic necessity. In turn, the monks and canons were the driving forces behind the creation of agricultural settlements, essential underpinning for the military establishment upon which survival depended.<br />However, quite contrary to the vision of a previous generation of ecclesiastical reformers the Church remained subordinate to the king, for whom military needs overrode all other considerations."</p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span>This blog quotes sections, with minor alterations, from <i>The Crusader States</i> by Malcom Barber, (2012, p 94</span><span>)</span><span>, Yale University Press. The illustration shows the View of Jerusalem by Conrad Grünenberg, 1487. source <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Jerusalem" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></p>Templars Nowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04305629667067062801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-91529401014420315002023-12-26T16:41:00.004+01:002023-12-27T12:57:10.415+01:00The Templar headquarters at Jerusalem in Crusader times<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/BSAO030502300L.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="585" height="200" src="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/BSAO030502300L.jpg" width="195" /></a></div>"In 1118 or 1119 king Baldwin II gave the group of proto-Templars a temporary home in his residence in the al-Aqsa mosque on the Temple platform, believed by the Latins to have been the Temple of Solomon. The canons of the Temple of the Lord (the Dome of the Rock) gave them a square near the al-Aqsa to celebrate their offices." What was this location like?<p></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p></p><p>"At some point during the 1120s, when Baldwin II moved the royal residence next to the Tower of David on the west side of the city, the proto-Templars, were able to take over the Temple of Solomon entirely, although it is unlikely that its condition had greatly improved since the early years of the century when Baldwin I, desperate for money, had sold the lead from the al-Aqsa roof. (...)<br /></p><p>The Templar headquarters at the southern end of the Haram al-Sharif (...) was entered by the Beautiful Gate on the western side, close to the Temple of the Lord (the present day Dome of the Rock, TN). The Templars had taken over the al-Aqsa mosque (...), after Baldwin II had moved to the other side of the city and had repaired the damage done by his predecessor. By the 1160s, they had built a new cloister to the west of the al-Aqsa, enclosed by vaulted buildings which included what Theoderic calls a new palace, and they were in the process of erecting a church that Theoderic says was ‘of magnificent size and workmanship’, although it was unfinished at the time of his visit. </p><p>They had also developed the area to the east with houses, halls and water supplies, perhaps in a manner not dissimilar to the compound of the Temple of the Lord. Below the south-east corner was a large vaulted area, (the "<a href="https://www.templarsnow.com/2023/03/the-stables-of-king-solomon-at-jerusalem.html" target="_blank">Stables of Solomon</a>", TN) the exact size of which is now difficult to determine, but which was used for stabling. (...) The whole quarter was well fortified, strengthened by the order’s construction of a barbican to the south which protected the two gates on that side.</p><p>Building on this scale seems to have persuaded the Templars to establish their own workshop, probably located in the south-east corner above the stables. The sculptural fragments that survive indicate that the order had recruited craftsmen of high skill, possibly from among the Italians who had worked on the Holy Sepulchre, where there was now less demand for their labour (the rebuilding of which having been completed in 1149, TN). The results fully justified Theoderic’s praise: the decoration of the buildings must have been characterised by foliate sculpture of great originality, at the centre of which were acanthus leaves carved in a manner suggestive of wet drapery. This does not seem to have been primarily a commercial atelier. Indeed, there seems to have been quite enough work to keep it fully occupied but, when the opportunity arose, it may also have produced pieces for other clients as well." <br /></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes sections, slightly edited, from <i>The Crusader States</i> by Malcom Barber, (2012, p 161, 251</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">-252</span><span style="font-size: small;">)</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Yale University Press. The illustration shows a map of Jerusalem in crusader times, source <a href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/jerusalem/what-were-the-crusades-and-how-did-they-impact-jerusalem/" target="_blank">biblicalarchaeology.org</a></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"></span> Templars Nowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04305629667067062801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-22041798132728627112023-12-23T20:51:00.000+01:002023-12-23T20:51:44.491+01:00Did the medieval Templars celebrate Christmas?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/.a/6a00d8341c464853ef015438a1d0c7970c-500wi" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="391" height="200" src="https://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/.a/6a00d8341c464853ef015438a1d0c7970c-500wi" width="156" /></a></div>Did the medieval Templars celebrate Christmas?<p></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p>"In 337, Pope Julius I was the first to declare that Jesus was born on 25 December. In 506, the Council of Agde made this a dogmatic obligation, and in 529 the Emperor Justinian declared the Nativity a public holiday. But the festival celebrating the Nativity only really took off in the Middle Ages with the spread of Christianity. The very word Christmas became an exclamation of joy, uttered by jubilant crowds on special occasions: births, christenings or royal weddings, or the triumphal entry of sovereigns into a city.<br /><br />The nativity scene and midnight mass also date back to medieval times. Very early on, the first Christians venerated the birthplace of Christ in Bethlehem, and pilgrims came to pay their respects in the grotto and in front of the cot that, according to Christian tradition, housed the Infant Jesus.<br /><br />In 1223, St Francis of Assisi was the first to celebrate midnight mass in front of a stable where people and animals re-enact the Nativity scene. From the 13th century onwards, the Mysteries, living tableaux depicting the life of Jesus, included nativity scenes in their representations. These then appeared at the entrance and in the choir of churches, before spreading, in miniature form, into homes. Made up of small figures in glass or porcelain, they were initially the preserve of the very wealthy. The appearance of figures modelled in breadcrumbs or clay enabled them to spread to all regions of France. (...)</p><p>When the <a href="https://www.templarsnow.com/2023/01/january-13-894-years-knights-templar.html" target="_blank">Primitive Rule</a> was drawn up in 1129 at the Council of Troyes, the various feasts to be celebrated by the House of the Temple were listed in article 75. The feast of the Nativity of Our Lord (25 December) is listed first. The Templars therefore celebrated the birth of Jesus as prescribed in their rule. However, we currently have no document indicating whether the Knights Templar organised a specific ceremony for Christmas Day."</p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes an English translation by TN, with minor alterations, of part of the blog <i>Les Templiers célébraient-ils Noël? </i>published by <a href="https://templedeparis.jimdo.com/2013/12/20/les-templiers-c%C3%A9l%C3%A9braient-ils-no%C3%ABl/" target="_blank">templedeparis.jimdo.com</a>. The illustration shows a m<span>iniature of the Nativity from a Gospel Lectionary, southern Germany, 12th century: <a href="http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=7933&CollID=28&NStart=809" target="_blank">BL MS Egerton 809</a>, f. 1v, <a href="https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2011/12/happy-christmas-to-all-our-readers.html" target="_blank">source </a>believed to be </span>available in Public Domain under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY licence<br /></a></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span> </div>Templars Nowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04305629667067062801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-35210257739715840342023-12-21T18:08:00.003+01:002023-12-23T10:56:08.759+01:00Cistercians in the medieval Holy Land - a slow and limited start<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://blogs.bbk.ac.uk/research/files/Nabi-Samwil-Palestine-known-in-the-Middle-Ages-as-Mount-Joy-a-hill-from-which-pilgrims-took-their-first-view-of-Jerusalem-768x768.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="768" height="200" src="http://blogs.bbk.ac.uk/research/files/Nabi-Samwil-Palestine-known-in-the-Middle-Ages-as-Mount-Joy-a-hill-from-which-pilgrims-took-their-first-view-of-Jerusalem-768x768.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>In the West the development of the Cistercian organisation preceeded that of, and often coincided with, the Knights Templar. What was the case in the Holy Land?<p></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p>The onset of the organisation that became the Knights Templar is a matter of debate. There is <a href="https://www.templarsnow.com/2020/11/an-earlier-founding-date-of-templar.html" target="_blank">sound information</a> that suggests a start as early as 1115. However, normally the year 1118 or 1119 is mentioned. The year that king Baldwin II, who had just succeeded Baldwin I als King, is said to have given the group of proto-Templars a temporary home in his residence on the Temple platform in the al-Aqsa mosque, believed by the Latins to have been the Temple of Solomon. For which reason the group was called, in short, Knights Templar. An alternative date is 1120, being <a href="https://www.templarsnow.com/2020/01/the-council-of-nablus-january-16-1120.html" target="_blank">the council at Nablus</a>, where all kinds of religious and secular affairs were taken care of. The whole chain of events culminating in their recognition as a religious order of the Church at the <a href="https://www.templarsnow.com/2022/04/the-council-of-troyes-1129-templar.html" target="_blank">council of Troyes</a> in January 1129.<br /></p><p>"Not long after the grant to the Templars, Baldwin II also invited the Cistercians to establish themselves at Nabi Samwil, a hill situated 5 miles to the north-west of Jerusalem, which was known to the Latins as Mountjoy. Jews, Christians and Muslims all honoured the Prophet Samuel and, since the sixth century, it had been believed that his tomb was here. Pilgrims coming from Jaffa expected to have their first sight of Jerusalem from this spot, and it is probable that this was one of the routes patrolled by the first Templars, a circumstance that may have encouraged Baldwin to make the offer to the Cistercians in the first place.</p><p>There was a Greek monastery situated there before the era of the crusaders, and it still existed in the time of Abbot Daniel’s visit between 1106 and 1108. However, Baldwin II, evidently aware of the impact of the Cistercian reform in the West, clearly wanted to encourage them to establish a monastery in the kingdom, for there still existed many holy sites without Latin communities.</p><p>In fact, Bernard of Clairvaux was not enthusiastic, apparently believing that military insecurity and the climate made it undesirable. He later wrote that he had given the site, together with Baldwin’s grant of 1,000 gold pieces, to the Premonstratensians. St Bernard remained consistent, for there were no Cistercian houses in the crusader states until after his death in 1153. Even then, in contrast to their phenomenal expansion in the West, they had a very small presence, most notably in 1157 at Belmont to the south-east of Tripoli."</p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">The three last paragraphs quote from <i>The Crusader States</i> by Malcom Barber, (2012, p 161-162</span><span style="font-size: small;">)</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Yale University Press. The illustration shows Nabi Samwil (Palestine), known in the Middle Ages as ‘Mount Joy’, a hill from which pilgrims took their first view of Jerusalem (Pic courtesy of Prof Bale), source <a href="http://blogs.bbk.ac.uk/research/2016/01/04/discover-our-research-meet-the-academics-2/" target="_blank">Birbeck University of London</a></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> <span><span><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>Templars Nowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04305629667067062801noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-57983823020007276552023-12-10T15:21:00.002+01:002024-02-14T11:41:52.619+01:00The novel lifestyle of medieval Cistercians - more labour, less liturgy<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://img.wikioo.org/ADC/art.nsf/get_large_image?Open&ra=A2A8QH" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="715" height="196" src="https://img.wikioo.org/ADC/art.nsf/get_large_image?Open&ra=A2A8QH" width="200" /></a></div>"The Cistercian documents claim that the Cistercian way of life was based on a firm commitment to the Rule of St Benedict. The Rule laid down a daily timetable devoted to three occupations: the performance of the liturgy (the <i>Opus Dei</i>), manual labour, and reading. A novelty.<p></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p></p><p>By the eleventh century there had been a tendency for the liturgy to be expanded to the detriment of manual labour, which was squeezed out of
the daily routine. The Cistercians cut back the length of the daily services, allowing work once more to be a part of a monk’s life. </p><p>In other ways they went far beyond what was actually stated in the Rule in an attempt to create, or recreate, a simple lifestyle, one that they thought would bring them back to the practices of the earliest monks. From the time of Abbot Stephen Harding (elected 1109, resigned 1133/4) they adopted simplicity and austerity in their buildings, a characteristic noted by William of Malmesbury and defended by Bernard of Clairvaux as appropriate to the Cistercians’ desire for poverty. The austerity of their physical environment was matched by the simplicity of their lifestyle in terms of what they ate and drank and how they dressed. Bernard’s <i>Apologia</i> (c. 1125) makes it clear that in all these ways the Cistercians contrasted with the traditional Benedictine and especially Cluniac monks. </p><p>The customs developed over the years by the General Chapter came to cover all aspects of monastic observance. The Cistercians cultivated the image of themselves as ‘desert monks’, and their regulations stated that their abbeys should be located ‘far from the dwellings of men’, or, in the words of Orderic Vitalis, ‘in lonely wooded places’. </p><p>They developed a particular view of the desirable economic basis of their abbeys. This rejected what were, by the eleventh century, traditional forms of revenue for monastic houses, that is, manors, churches and tithes, and laid down an economic framework based on the direct exploitation of land consolidated into granges (farms) and administered by <i>conversi</i>, or lay brothers. Although the conversi, men who took vows but who were workers rather than monks, were not unique to the Cistercian Order, the White Monks were the first group to utilize them effectively to manage their vast estates and, in many areas, to develop on a large scale the keeping of sheep and production of wool for which the medieval Cistercians were famous."</p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes sections, with minor alterations, of this <a href="https://www.monasticwales.org/showarticle.php?func=showarticle&articleID=3" target="_blank">source</a>. Illustration shows </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-mmv-title">Cistercians at work in a detail from the <i>Life of St. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></i>, illustrated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Breu_the_Elder" title="Jörg Breu the Elder">Jörg Breu the Elder</a> (1500)</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercians" target="_blank">source</a>, Public Domain</span><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span><span><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span></span></span> <br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-76078292250436726542023-11-28T13:09:00.005+01:002024-02-14T11:42:37.999+01:00November 27, 1095 - Urban's call to crusade - the full text<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJvcOrrBNCWYbSp0LStZVV63pCKZQZ3NGwjLeG9JduY_T8CEE6mBA7NTAiWVhmrCotdKc9km-dyMGx6rcCI3sJM8CF1RoI4-nAEwLRA6P8GBpOo9j_e78ud9PTWFl82eP467naosRePnRBmYWk8Q1pP1M-lR0EdrQIpSnRADNyfipIU5Xd94z7yX8ieFYN/s1072/CouncilofClermont.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1035" data-original-width="1072" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJvcOrrBNCWYbSp0LStZVV63pCKZQZ3NGwjLeG9JduY_T8CEE6mBA7NTAiWVhmrCotdKc9km-dyMGx6rcCI3sJM8CF1RoI4-nAEwLRA6P8GBpOo9j_e78ud9PTWFl82eP467naosRePnRBmYWk8Q1pP1M-lR0EdrQIpSnRADNyfipIU5Xd94z7yX8ieFYN/w200-h193/CouncilofClermont.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II delivered his speech at Clermont Ferrand, aimed at arrousing the people to start an armed pilgrimage to deliver the Holy Land from the hands of the "pagans", a pilgirmage that later became known as the First Crusade. Of this speech several quite different versions have been delivered to our time by primary sources. Below are the version of Fulcher of Chartres and the one of Robert the Monk. <p></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p>Fulcher of Chartres (c.1059 in or near Chartres - after 1128) was a priest and participated in the First Crusade. He served Baldwin I of Jerusalem for many years, and wrote a chronicle of the Crusade, writing in Latin. Fulcher wrote his chronicle of the Crusade <i>Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Perefrinantium (A history of the expedition to Jerusalem)</i> in three books. He started writing it in 1101 and finished around 1128. The chronicle is considered among the best records of the crusade. Included in the chronicle is his account of Pope Urban II's November 1095 speech at the Council of Clermont where Urban calls for the First Crusade. </p><p>Robert the Monk (<i>Robertus Monachus</i>) was prior of Senuc and former abbot of Saint-Remi, who lived c. 1055 – 1122). Between c. 1107–1120 Robert wrote <i>Historia Hierosolymitana</i>, a chronicle of the First Crusade. Robert asserts in his prologue that he had been present at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Clermont" title="Council of Clermont">Council of Clermont</a> of 1095, which makes his account of Pope Urban II's speech that of an eye-witness, even though written from memory, twelve or more years later. Outside of this part, however, the author proposes not to write in the <i>Historia</i> about his own observations but as a chronicler, having agree to rewrite, at the request of his abbot, the <i>Gesta Francorum</i>, an account written by a soldier of Bohemond I of Antioch, in a less "rustic" style. Robert introduced into the narrative of the First Crusade a Benedictine interpretation, and one that included apocalyptic elements.</p><table><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="50%">Version of Fulcher of Chartres<p>
"Most beloved brethren: Urged by necessity, I, Urban, by the permission of God chief bishop and prelate over the whole world, have come into these parts as an ambassador with a divine admonition to you, the servants of God. I hoped to find you as faithful and as zealous in the service of God as I had supposed you to be. But if there is in you any deformity or crookedness contrary to God’s law, with divine help I will do my best to remove it. For God has put you as stewards over his family to minister to it. Happy indeed will you be if he finds you faithful in your stewardship. You are called shepherds; see that you do not act as hirelings. But be true shepherds, with your crooks always in your hands. Do not go to sleep, but guard on all sides the flock committed to you. For if through your carelessness or negligence a wolf carries away one of your sheep, you will surely lose the reward laid up for you with God. And after you have been bitterly scourged with remorse for your faults, you will be fiercely overwhelmed in hell, the abode of death. For according to the gospel you are the salt of the earth [Matt. 5:13]. But if you fall short in your duty, how, it may be asked, can it be salted? O how great the need of salting! It is indeed necessary for you to correct with the salt of wisdom this foolish people which is so devoted to the pleasures of this world, lest the Lord, when He may wish to speak to them, find them putrefied by their sins, unsalted and stinking. For if He shall find worms, that is, sins, in them, because you have been negligent in your duty, He will command them as worthless to be thrown into the abyss of unclean things. And because you cannot restore to Him His great loss, He will surely condemn you and drive you from His loving presence. But the man who applies this salt should be prudent, provident, modest, learned, peaceable, watchful, pious, just, equitable, and pure. For how can the ignorant teach others? How can the licentious make others modest? And how can the impure make others pure? If anyone hates peace, how can he make others peaceable? Or if anyone has soiled his hands with baseness, how can he cleanse the impurities of another? We read also that if the blind lead the blind, both will fall into the ditch [Matt. 15:14]. But first correct yourselves, in order that, free from blame, you may be able to correct those who are subject to you. If you wish to be the friends of God, gladly do the things which you know will please Him. You must especially let all matters that pertain to the church be controlled by the law of the church. And be careful that simony does not take root among you, lest both those who buy and those who sell [church offices] be beaten with the scourges of the Lord through narrow streets and driven into the place of destruction and confusion. Keep the church and the clergy in all its grades entirely free from the secular power. See that the tithes that belong to God are faithfully paid from all the produce of the land; let them not be sold or withheld. If anyone seizes a bishop let him be treated as an outlaw. If anyone seizes or robs monks, or clergymen, or nuns, or their servants, or pilgrims, or merchants, let him be anathema [that is, cursed]. Let robbers and incendiaries and all their accomplices be expelled from the church and anathematized. If a man who does not give a part of his goods as alms is punished with the damnation of hell, how should he be punished who robs another of his goods? For thus it happened to the rich man in the gospel [Luke 16:19]; for he was not punished because he had stolen the goods of another, but because he had not used well the things which were his.
"You have seen for a long time the great disorder in the world caused by these crimes. It is so bad in some of your provinces, I am told, and you are so weak in the administration of justice, that one can hardly go along the road by day or night without being attacked by robbers; and whether at home or abroad, one is in danger of being despoiled either by force or fraud. Therefore it is necessary to reenact the truce, as it is commonly called, which was proclaimed a long time ago by our holy fathers. I exhort and demand that you, each, try hard to have the truce kept in your diocese. And if anyone shall be led by his cupidity or arrogance to break this truce, by the authority of God and with the sanction of this council he shall be anathematized."
After these and various other matters had been attended to, all who were present, clergy and people, gave thanks to God and agreed to the pope’s proposition. They all faithfully promised to keep the decrees. Then the pope said that in another part of the world Christianity was suffering from a state of affairs that was worse than the one just mentioned. He continued:
"Although, O sons of God, you have promised more firmly than ever to keep the peace among yourselves and to preserve the rights of the church, there remains still an important work for you to do. Freshly quickened by the divine correction, you must apply the strength of your righteousness to another matter which concerns you as well as God. For your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. For, as the most of you have heard, the Turks and Arabs have attacked them and have conquered the territory of Romania [the Greek empire] as far west as the shore of the Mediterranean and the Hellespont, which is called the Arm of St. George. They have occupied more and more of the lands of those Christians, and have overcome them in seven battles. They have killed and captured many, and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. If you permit them to continue thus for awhile with impunity, the faithful of God will be much more widely attacked by them. On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ’s heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say this to those who are present, it is meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it.
"All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. O what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, which worships demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of omnipotent God and is made glorious with the name of Christ! With what reproaches will the Lord overwhelm us if you do not aid those who, with us, profess the Christian religion! Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare against the faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war which should have been begun long ago. Let those who, for a long time, have been robbers, now become knights. Let those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians. Let those who have been serving as mercenaries for small pay now obtain the eternal reward. Let those who have been wearing themselves out in both body and soul now work for a double honor. Behold! on this side will be the sorrowful and poor, on that, the rich; on this side, the enemies of the Lord, on that, his friends. Let those who go not put off the journey, but rent their lands and collect money for their expenses; and as soon as winter is over and spring comes, let them eagerly set out on the way with God as their guide."
</p></td><td valign="top">
Version of Robert de Monk
<p>
"O race of the Franks, O people who live beyond the mountains [that is, reckoned from Rome], O people loved and chosen of God, as is clear from your many deeds, distinguished over all other nations by the situation of your land, your catholic faith, and your regard for the holy church, we have a special message and exhortation for you. For we wish you to know what a grave matter has brought us to your country. The sad news has come from Jerusalem and Constantinople that the people of Persia, an accursed and foreign race, enemies of God, ‘a generation that set not their heart aright, and whose spirit was not steadfast with God’ [Ps. 78:8], have invaded the lands of those Christians and devastated them with the sword, rapine, and fire. Some of the Christians they have carried away as slaves, others they have put to death. The churches they have either destroyed or turned into mosques. They desecrate and overthrow the altars. They circumcise the Christians and pour the blood from the circumcision on the altars or in the baptismal fonts. Some they kill in a horrible way by cutting open the abdomen, taking out a part of the entrails and tying them to a stake; they then beat them and compel them to walk until all their entrails are drawn out and they fall to the ground. Some they use as targets for their arrows. They compel some to stretch out their necks and then they try to see whether they can cut off their heads with one stroke of the sword. It is better to say nothing of their horrible treatment of the women. They have taken from the Greek empire a tract of land so large that it takes more than two months to walk through it. Whose duty is it to avenge this and recover that land, if not yours? For to you more than to other nations the Lord has given the military spirit, courage, agile bodies, and the bravery to strike down those who resist you. Let your minds be stirred to bravery by the deeds of your forefathers, and by the efficiency and greatness of Karl the Great, and of Ludwig his son, and of the other kings who have destroyed Turkish kingdoms, and established Christianity in their lands. You should be moved especially by the holy grave of our Lord and Saviour which is now held by unclean peoples, and by the holy places which are treated with dishonor and irreverently befouled with their uncleanness.
"O bravest of knights, descendants of unconquered ancestors, do not be weaker than they, but remember their courage. If you are kept back by your love for your children, relatives, and wives, remember what the Lord says in the Gospel: ‘He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me’ [Matt. 10:37]; ‘and everyone that hath forsaken houses, or brothers, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands for my name’s sake, shall receive a hundredfold and shall inherit everlasting life’ [Matt. 19:29]. Let no possessions keep you back, no solicitude for your property. Your land is shut in on all sides by the sea and mountains, and is too thickly populated. There is not much wealth here, and the soil scarcely yields enough to support you. On this account you kill and devour each other, and carry on war and mutually destroy each other. Let your hatred and quarrels cease, your civil wars come to an end, and all your dissensions stop. Set out on the road to the holy sepulchre, take the land from that wicked people, and make it your own. That land which, as the Scripture says, is flowing with milk and honey, God gave to the children of Israel. Jerusalem is the best of all lands, more fruitful than all others, as it were a second Paradise of delights. This land our Saviour made illustrious by his birth, beautiful with his life, and sacred with his suffering; he redeemed it with his death and glorified it with his tomb. This royal city is now held captive by her enemies, and made pagan by those who know not God. She asks and longs to be liberated and does not cease to beg you to come to her aid. She asks aid especially from you because, as I have said, God has given more of the military spirit to you than to other nations. Set out on this journey and you will obtain the remission of your sins and be sure of the incorruptible glory of the kingdom of heaven."
When Pope Urban had said this and much more of the same sort, all who were present were moved to cry out with one accord, "It is the will of God, it is the will of God." When the pope heard this he raised his eyes to heaven and gave thanks to God, and, commanding silence with a gesture of his hand, he said: "My dear brethren, today there is fulfilled in you that which the Lord says in the Gospel, ‘Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst’ [Matt. 18:20]. For unless the Lord God had been in your minds you would not all have said the same thing. For although you spoke with many voices, nevertheless it was one and the same thing that made you speak. So I say unto you, God, who put those words into your hearts, has caused you to utter them. Therefore let these words be your battle cry, because God caused you to speak them. Whenever you meet the enemy in battle, you shall all cry out, ‘It is the will of God, it is the will of God.’ And we do not command the old or weak to go, or those who cannot bear arms. No women shall go without their husbands, or brothers, or proper companions, for such would be a hindrance rather than a help, a burden rather than an advantage. Let the rich aid the poor and equip them for fighting and take them with them. Clergymen shall not go without the consent of their bishop, for otherwise the journey would be of no value to them. Nor will this pilgrimage be of any benefit to a layman if he goes without the blessing of his priest. Whoever therefore shall determine to make this journey and shall make a vow to God and shall offer himself as a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable to God [Rom. 12:1], shall wear a cross on his brow or on his breast. And when he returns after having fulfilled his vow he shall wear the cross on his back. In this way he will obey the command of the Lord, ‘Whosoever doth not bear his cross and come after me is not worthy of me’" </p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;">S<span style="font-size: x-small;">ource speaches <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42707/42707-h/42707-h.htm#mh279" target="_blank">www.gutenberg.org</a>, background information on Fulcher and Robert from the respective lemma's in Wikipedia; illustration </span>P<span style="font-size: x-small;">ope Urban II preaching at the Council of Clermont. Sébastien Mamerot, <i>Les passages d'outremer,</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> source <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1095" target="_blank">wikipedia.org</a>, Public Domain<br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span> </span> </span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-77542529775849464762023-11-16T14:59:00.005+01:002024-02-14T11:43:04.917+01:00The Templar trials - more than one <p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV9ODEHV3xeMbO1KwPrJ3tG40c0d-dQEJKhHRynolOEzRh_EtsvCzv_g9IGcRQenTvUynwizwUuJ4b2lr0Ez7i-JqLkgj7mNV8pEu6WgsecJc2ekur7LF7oQHvqktowjPvBLyfK0yA_6Q/s400/Clemente+V+interroga+72+Templarios.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="400" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV9ODEHV3xeMbO1KwPrJ3tG40c0d-dQEJKhHRynolOEzRh_EtsvCzv_g9IGcRQenTvUynwizwUuJ4b2lr0Ez7i-JqLkgj7mNV8pEu6WgsecJc2ekur7LF7oQHvqktowjPvBLyfK0yA_6Q/w200-h159/Clemente+V+interroga+72+Templarios.jpg" width="200" /></a>It is often thought that the Templar trial in France, which commenced after the arrest of many Templars on October 13, 1307, was a single trial, carried out by either King Philip the Fair of France or the Pope. The latter being the one who had the sole jurisdiction on the Order of the Temple and its member. In reality, their were several investigations which succeeded each other in time, one secular and several ecclesiastical.</p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p>Of the various secular trials held in France, the first, and one of the larger trials, ran from October 19 to November 24, 1307, and was held in Paris. These trials were initiated by the French King although he employed religious inquisitors as he foresaw that under church law he had no right to prosecute Templars. A total of 138 prisoners gave a full testimony and almost all admitted guilt to one or more charges. Since torture was used to elicit these confessions, the reliability of their testimony before this and other inquisitional tribunals remains an open question. <br /></p><p>The Pope did not like the Kings initiatives. After negotiations in May 1308 in Poitiers between the king's people and Pope Clement V, a double eclesiastical trial began: one, against the order itself, led by the <b>pontifical commissioners</b> and which was to lead to the decision of suppression taken at the Council of Vienna in 1312; the other, against individuals, entrusted to <b>diocesan commissions</b> to which the Pope in July 1308 had given the mission of carrying out investigations and pronouncing sentences of condemnation or reconciliation. (...) </p><p>The trial conducted in the diocese of Clermont against the Templars of Auvergne and Limousin had remained unpublished. Preserved in a long original scroll, it was of the greatest interest given its early date (June 1309) and the fact that the procedure rested on Bishop Aubert Aycelin, who was none other than the nephew of Cardinal Gilles Aycelin, the advisor of the king, well known for his attitude in the Templar affair. In addition, more than 60 brothers had testified at length, including 49 from Auvergne and 17 from Limousin, and among them 9 commanders. Finally, a certain number of them were subsequently brought to Paris and we had the exceptional opportunity to be able to compare the statements given at that time to those they had given previously.</p><p>These are the key dates of the different trials and related papal decisions and bulls, the latter showing the the Pope's struggle to get a handle on events:<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>October 13, 1307: arrest of all the Templars of France on the secret order of King Philip the Fair.</li><li>October-November: interrogation of the Templars by the king's people and the inquisitors; confessions of several dignitaries of the order, including Grand Master Jacques de Molay.</li><li>November 22, 1307: bull <i>Pastoralis preeminentie</i> , from Clement V, enjoining Christian princes to arrest the Templars of their States</li><li> February 1308: suspension by the Pope of the procedure carried out by the inquisitors and the bishops</li><li>May 1308: meeting of the States General of Tours;</li><li>May to July 1308: negotiations between Philip IV and Clement V in Poitiers, at the end of which two kinds of crimes are distinguished: those of the Order of the Temple and those of its members, hence two kinds of procedure:</li><ul><li> some against the order: pontifical commissions are called to bring together in each State the documents appropriate to enlighten the Ecumenical Council, which will have to decide the fate of the order;</li><li>the others against the members of the order: the investigations initiated by the bishops and the inquisitors, to whom the Pope had made aware of the affair on July 5, must be continued; in view of the results, provincial councils will judge the people;</li></ul><li> August 12, 1308: bull <i>Faciens misericordiam</i>, establishing the pontifical and episcopal commissions;</li><li>1309 and 1310: sessions of the various diocesan commissions;</li><li>May 11, 1310: condemnation as relapse by the provincial council of Sens of fifty-four Templars who had retracted their previous confessions; they are burned the next day;</li><li>1309 to 1311: sessions of the pontifical commission of inquiry for France;</li><li>October 1311: opening of the Council of Vienna responsible for regulating the fate of the Order of the Temple;</li><li>April 3, 1312: bull <i>Vox in excelso</i>, suppressing the Order of the Temple by “provisional means”, with the approval of the council;</li><li>May 2, 1312: bull <i>Ad providam</i>, deciding the return of Temple property to the order of the Hospital;</li><li>May 6, 1312: bull <i>Considerentes dudum</i>, ordering the provincial councils which had not yet pronounced on the persons of the order, to continue their task by showing mercy towards those who had confessed and by applying the canonical rules to the unrepentant.</li><li>November 22, 1312: handing over to a commission of three cardinals the judgment of the dignitaries, which the Pope had reserved for himself;</li><li>March 19, 1314: sentence condemning dignitaries to life imprisonment; retraction of Jacques de Molay and Guillaume de Charnai, immediately followed by their condemnation to the stake by the king's council, and their torture. (without Papal consent, TN)</li></ul><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes an English translation of sections of <i>Procès des Templiers </i>from <a href="http://www.templiers.net/proces/index.php?page=templiers-auvergne" target="_blank">templiers.net</a>. Illustration shows Pope Clement during the Templar trial, <a href="http://templariosdecristo.blogspot.com/2012/08/alegato-por-una-revision-del-proceso.html" target="_blank">source</a>.<br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-12508740370091406142023-11-04T16:56:00.002+01:002023-11-04T16:56:56.261+01:00Templar activities in the city of Jerusalem<div style="text-align: center;"></div><p style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://calisphere.org/clip/500x500/fa6adb6ae8bb6a72ff9c9cb872da177e" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="500" height="116" src="https://calisphere.org/clip/500x500/fa6adb6ae8bb6a72ff9c9cb872da177e" width="200" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b>The life of the Templars in Jerusalem is known thanks to the rule of the order and a panel of chronicles depicting the actions of the brothers in the 12th century. According to Michael the Syrian (1126-1199), the brothers supplied the population of Jerusalem with grain and provisions in 1120. (...) The intervention of the Templars proves that the order did not wait until the 13th century to take care of the needy. (...) <p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="text-align: left;">It is quite difficult to assess the size of the Temple convent in the first half of the 12th century. The pilgrims Dietrich and Benjamin of Tudèle claim that the convent was composed of 300 horsemen during the reign of King Amaury of Jerusalem (1163-1174). This number probably includes the sergeants and temporary knights (milites ad terminum) who facilitated the development of the order in the 1120s.(...)</p><p style="text-align: left;">According to the pilgrim John of Würzburg, the Templars overtook the hospital convent of Jerusalem in the middle of the 12th century. This account claims that the order's underground stabels could accommodate 2,000 horses and 1,500 camels thanks to the various galleries dug into the Temple Mount.(...)</p><p style="text-align: left;">The Temple Mount was a small city comprising several dormitories, a cloister and a stonemason's workshop, which produced several ornaments in Jerusalem and al-Latrÿn. The spiritual life of the Templars was rich with the observance of canonical hours and two periods of fasting before Christmas and Easter. It was common for groups of brothers to join the Holy Sepulchre, or another Hierosolymitan church, to pray during the night. In addition, every day, thanksgiving was celebrated after lunch and supper in the conventual church of the Temple. (...)</p><p style="text-align: left;">The Templars followed the Liturgy of the Holy Sepulchre, commemorating with a service the Liberation of Jerusalem on July 15 each year. During the festivities, a procession went from the Holy Sepulcher to the Templum Domini (Dome of the Rock) where the Patriarch of Jerusalem offered thanksgiving, while reading a sermon. Thirteen processions were organized during the year to honor a deceased saint on a Sunday. (...)<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;">The Templars owned many houses in Jerusalem, the rents of which varied between 3 and 8 bezants. These buildings were marked with the capital letter T, the hospital workers using a Maltese cross to mark their possessions. An annuity register from 1170 mentions five tenants of the Hospital, installed near the Temple Mount. (...)<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;">An important role was assigned to the Commander of Jerusalem, who conveyed Western pilgrims to the Jordan. The supposed location of Christ's baptism was one of the most revered sites by Christians in the Middle Ages (Bethabara or Al-Maghtas southeast of Jericho). (...) Along the way, a network of Templar towers could protect pilgrims and transmit information to Jerusalem in the event of an invasion from the Jordan estuary. (...)</p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes sections, translated from French by TN, slightly rearranged and with minor adaptions, of <i>La place de Jérusalem dans la pensée templière </i>by Claverie, P-V, (2023) in Cadernos Culturais Nabantinos, III (2023), pp. 37-50, published on <a href="https://www.academia.edu/107380265/_La_place_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_dans_la_pens%C3%A9e_templi%C3%A8re_Cadernos_Culturais_Nabantinos_III_2023_pp_37_50">academia.edu</a>. Illustration shows the subterraneous halls below the southeastern tip of the Temple Mount platform, which were used as stables bij the Knights Templar. <a href="https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/13030/kt7d5nd8m0/" target="_blank">source</a>, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Keystone-Mast Collection, UCR/California Museum of Photography, University of California at Riverside. Fair use.</span><br /></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span> <br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-59351599489872158532023-10-13T15:49:00.003+02:002023-10-13T16:04:15.706+02:00France, fall 1307: Templar arrests, interrogations, confessions and royal-papal power struggle<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnynkXV76YyrZ79cgBrCBA-efuxeOa5ieg03BljtEXUFVL2boqz9PuI8vo2bK_aZY04EmhZyDZ1ijlXOW1KiFDd0PvsUf7kWIoZH7QuDLhpf8stCJnIc3FxKBLUTl0Ok11EAex5rV4ic3_dD1iHlnKvZL0JpFzCELfgqlUXrTD7UQ5S8TWKK3LxMeTtcAs/s588/arrest%20of%20the%20templars%20RITISH%20LIBRARY%20%20SCIENCE%20PHOTO%20LIBRARY.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="572" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnynkXV76YyrZ79cgBrCBA-efuxeOa5ieg03BljtEXUFVL2boqz9PuI8vo2bK_aZY04EmhZyDZ1ijlXOW1KiFDd0PvsUf7kWIoZH7QuDLhpf8stCJnIc3FxKBLUTl0Ok11EAex5rV4ic3_dD1iHlnKvZL0JpFzCELfgqlUXrTD7UQ5S8TWKK3LxMeTtcAs/w194-h200/arrest%20of%20the%20templars%20RITISH%20LIBRARY%20%20SCIENCE%20PHOTO%20LIBRARY.png" width="194" /></a></div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b>On October 12, 1307 Jacques de Molay went to Paris specifically to attend the funeral of Catherine, wife of Charles de Valois, brother of the king. He resides, of course, within the Temple enclosure. It's a coincidence that he's here. Does this mean that he knows nothing of what is going on and that he has unconsciously thrown himself into the den of the wolf? <p></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p>It is possible that De Molay knows nothing, but the opposite is also likely. Some Templars, who knew about it, managed to escape arrest, such as the master of France Gérard de Villiers. In Poitiers the Templars of the curia were well placed to gather information. Molay could have suspected something but, trusting in the protection of the Pope and sure of his good faith, refused to pay attention to the threats. Precisely because they were innocent, the Templars should not fear a judgment that would clear them. (...)</p><p>Still, on October 13 in the early morning, throughout the kingdom, the Templars were arrested and transferred to royal prisons: the castle of Caen, Gisors for the bailiwick of Rouen, Najac in the south of Toulouse, but also the Temple of Paris, seized by royal agents, for the Templars of Ile-de-France. </p><p>The assets of the Temple are placed under sequestration. The inventories reveal nothing sensational: no weapons, no money, no “treasure”. We have the names and statements of 230 Templars arrested and interrogated in October and November 1307 throughout France. That's not much. However, what we know about the rest of the procedures shows that there were much more of them.(...)</p><p>The agents of royal power suggested to the Templars that they were arresting them with the agreement of the Pope. It's wrong. As soon as he was informed, Clement V strongly protested and defended the prerogatives of the Church, especially since the king's agents unceremoniously arrested the Templars from the pope's entourage. Philip the Fair, immediately after the arrest, wrote to the Pope and Christian sovereigns, inviting them to follow his example. Neither the king of England nor the Iberian kings accepted his arguments. It is true that they did not yet know anything about the procedure that the King of France intended to follow. <br /><br />From October 19, in Paris, the Templars were questioned. There is every reason to believe that between the arrest and their appearance before the inquisitor and royal officials, the Templars were mistreated and tortured. On this point, the king could rely on the rules decreed by Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241): in the fight against heresy, torture is lawful. For the king, the Templars are clearly heretics; it doesn't even have to be proven. (...) </p><p>The royal proceedings are covered by the inquisitors of the faith. Not by the Pope. For even though the inquisitors are appointed by the Pope and derive their power from him, they have not received instructions from the Pope on this matter. But Clément V - we know from other sources - is wary of inquisitors and seeks to limit their interventions. In any case, it is the royal agents, in the presence or not of inquisitors, who carry out the interrogations. </p><p></p><p>In Paris, Caen, Carcassonne, Cahors, Bigorre or Chaumont, in October and November 1307, the procedure applied can be described as a royal procedure. These interrogations led to confessions: 134 of the 138 Templars questioned in Paris admitted all or part (most often) of the charges brought against them. For the accusation it is not necessary that everyone recognizes everything, but that everyone recognizes something. (...) Jacques de Molay, interviewed on October 24, recognizes that, when he was received in Beaune around 1265, he denied Christ "with his mouth but not with his heart" and that he spat on the cross (but next to it). He does not recognize (and subsequently will not recognize) anything else. These confessions, even partial, are enough. (...)</p><p>With confessions so quickly obtained, the King of France triumphs. Smirking, he can write again to the Pope and the princes who had not believed him: was he not right? The Templars are heretics and so he saved the Church while its legitimate leader, the Pope, procrastinated. (...)</p><p>The Pope sensed the danger; he must regain control. On November 22, 1307 he wrote to all the Christian sovereigns of the West and of Cyprus, to all the bishops of Christendom and ordered them to proceed, everywhere, to the arrest of the Templars and the seizure of their property. People and property will be placed under the protection of the Church. <br /></p><p>He sends two cardinals to Paris with a mission to contact the Templars to question them themselves. At first the king rejects them. Clement V insists and sends them back to Paris again. On Christmas Eve 1307, at Notre Dame, the cardinals were able to speak with the Templars and their leader. According to the King of Aragon's envoy to Paris (a source usually neglected but perfectly credible), Jacques de Molay revolted, claimed that he had been tortured and revoked his confession. He instructs other Templars to do the same. Naturally he was silenced.</p><p>But the Pope, informed, was confirmed in his doubts. At the beginning of 1308, he broke the royal procedure by breaking the powers of the inquisitors and suspending them. He took the Templars under his protection and demanded the King of France to hand over the Temple property to the Church. Elsewhere in Europe, without really hurrying, sovereigns carried out the Pope's orders and had "their Templars" arrested. <b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b> The Kings of Castille and Portugal did nothing, whereas the King of Aragon met resistance until 1309, led by the Commander of Mas Dieu in the Roussillon.<br /></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes English translations by TN of occasionally slightly edited or rearranged quotes from p 91-101 of <i>Les Templiers </i>by </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alain Demurger </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2018), 127 pp, Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. Illustration </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Arrest of the Templars from the medieval manuscript </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Chroniques de France ou de St Denis (from 1270 to 1380)</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, British Library, <a href="https://picryl.com/media/arrest-of-the-templars-from-bl-royal-20-c-vii-f-42v-787090" target="_blank">Public Domain</a></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-mmv-restrictions"> </span></span></p><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span> <br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-27020376150534327132023-10-13T14:34:00.006+02:002023-10-13T17:30:58.658+02:00The true motifs behind the Templar arrests, October 13, 1307<p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://geneacdn.net/bundles/geneanetgeneastar/images/celebrites/200px/denogaretg.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="200" height="200" src="https://geneacdn.net/bundles/geneanetgeneastar/images/celebrites/200px/denogaretg.jpg" width="200" /></a><b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">As <a href="https://www.templarsnow.com/2023/10/the-run-up-to-templars-arrest-ocober-13.html" target="_blank">argued earlier</a>,</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span>financial affairs, often suggested as the major trigger for the arrests,
can only be a marginal reason for conflict between the Templars and
the King of France. Alternatively, rumors against te Order of the Temple were. Rumors that led to the request of Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Temple, to Pope Clement V to open an investigation into the charges weighing on the order. In a letter to the King of France dated August 24, 1307 the Pope granted this request.</p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b>The pope also told the King that no
decision concerning the order must be taken before the conclusion of the
investigation. And he added that, being very ill, he (the Pope) must undertake
restrictive medical treatment in September and that the investigation
can only be carried out when he has recovered. </p><p>All this did not suit the King, who made alternative plans. In the meantime, King Philip and his council and main operational agent Guillaume de Nogaret decided that the rumor based "Templar affair” would be used for putting pressure on the Pope and the Church. This was to obtain two things: </p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>settle the questions left pending after the Anagni attack on former Pope Boniface VIII, namely the lifting of ecclesiastical sanctions incurred on those responsible for the Anagni attack, and the opening of a trial against the memory of Boniface VIII, who also was accused of herecy. </li><li>Affirm the rights of the king over the Church of France, over what is already called the Gallican Church. Not content with being "emperor in his kingdom", that is to say fully sovereign in civil matters, the king also wants to be "pope in his kingdom". <br /></li></ul><p>These are the motifs of the royal action against the Templars. It must be emphasized that it is a pretext, a chance to achieve real issues which lie elsewhere. </p><p>Also the king must not leave the initiative to the pope and the time the latter gives himself to act must be immediately taken advantage of. On September 14, the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, a royal letter was sent to all the royal seneschals and bailiffs. It takes up and amplifies, in bombastic rhetoric which is that of the narrow circle of the king's advisors, the rumors peddled against the Templars and makes a first indictment: </p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">"A bitter thing, a deplorable thing, a thing certainly horrible to to think, terrible to hear, a detestable crime (...) a thing entirely inhuman, even more, foreign to all humanity...", and again: "the enormity of the crime overflows to the point of being an offense for divine majesty, a shame for humanity, a pernicious example of evil and a universal scandal." </p><p>Then followed the accusations against the Templars: denial of Christ, spitting on the cross, obscene kisses, practice of sodomy, worship of idols. </p><p>The king then justifies his intervention in a Church matter as follows: </p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">“We who are established by the Lord on the observation post of the royal eminence to defend the freedom of the faith of the Church (...) given the investigation preliminary and diligent made on the data of public rumor (infami publica referente) by our dear brother in Christ William of Paris, inquisitor of heretical perversity (...), given the vehement suspicion resulting against the said adversaries of the social pact (...), acquiescing to the requisitions of the said inquisitor, who called upon our arm (...), we declared that all the members of the said order in our kingdom would be arrested...". </p><p>Attached to this accusatory letter is a memorandum on the manner in which the royal agents responsible for the arrest should proceed on D-Day, the date of which only the royal seneschals and bailiffs know. The king of France had his action, illegal in canon law, covered up by William of Paris, the inquisitor of France who was also his confessor and who belonged to the Dominican order. On September 22, William of Paris wrote to his colleagues in the south of France to encourage them to lend assistance to the royal agents.<b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes English translations by TN of occasionally slightly edited or rearranged quotes from p 91-97 of <i>Les Templiers </i>by </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alain Demurger </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2018), 127 pp, Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. Illustration </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Buste of Guillaume de Nogaret, source <a href="https://en.geneastar.org/genealogy/denogaretg/guillaume-de-nogaret" target="_blank">geneastar.org</a></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-mmv-restrictions"> </span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a><br /></span></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-54130124730537835172023-10-12T17:02:00.004+02:002023-10-12T20:43:13.787+02:00The run-up to the Templars' arrest, October 13, 1307<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Clemente_V_cappellone_degli_Spagnoli.JPG/800px-Clemente_V_cappellone_degli_Spagnoli.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="619" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Clemente_V_cappellone_degli_Spagnoli.JPG/800px-Clemente_V_cappellone_degli_Spagnoli.JPG" width="155" /></a></div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b>On October 13, 1307, in the early morning, throughout the kingdom of France, the Templars were arrested and transferred to royal prisons. (...) During most of the reign of Philip the Fair, practically until the year 1305, relations between the Order of the Temple and the royalty, without being warm, were not conflictual. What had happened? <p></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p>Financial affairs, often suggested as the major trigger for the arrests, can only be a marginal occasion for conflict between the Templars and the King of France. The reality of the intense conflict regarding a loan that the treasurer of the Temple of Paris would have made to the king without referring, as the rule of the order obliged him to do, to the master, is doubtful. This event is ignored by all the French chronicles of the moment, including those which reflect the royal point of view. This incident is all the more improbable as the sum that would have been lent far exceeds the financial capacities of the Temple. The riches of the Templars are real, but they are not in hard cash. Even if the Templars always had money, it was to buy landed holdings.</p><p>By landing in Marseille at the end of 1306, coming from the Templar headquarter at Cyprus, Jacques de Molay undoubtedly became aware of the unfortunate rumors being spread about the Order of the Temple. Esquieu de Floyran or Floyrac, if not necessarily the originator of these rumors, was the main propagator. He is perhaps a cleric, prior of Montfaucon, a Benedictine establishment in Périgord. In 1305 he met the king of Aragon James II, to denounce the Templars. The king did not believe him and made fun of him. (...) Esquieu then turned to the King of Frank who was much more receptive and listened to him. (...) In 1308 he qualifies as valet of the king.</p><p>When Philip the Fair attended, in November 1305 in Lyon, the coronation of Pope Clement V (the Archbishop of Bordeaux Bertrand de Got), he was informed of these charges and spoke about them to the Pope. It does not matter whether the king then believes these accusations. He entrusted the matter to one of his close advisors, Guillaume de Nogaret. The man who, on behalf of the French king, had been to Anagni, Italy, in 1303 to subpoena Pope Boniface VIII to appear before a universal council to respond to crimes of heresy. Boniface, held prisoner for a time (this is what historians call the Anagni attack), died a month later. Guillaume de Nogaret norishes the story, looks for proofs, testimonies. He brings "moles" into the order, most often renegade Templars having left the order or having been expelled for their faults. <br /></p><p>In May 1307, Jacques de Molay arrived in Poitiers, shortly after the king left there. Nogaret's investigation has progressed well. The man is also present when the masters of the Temple and the Hospital discuss with the pope. They were in fact summoned to speak with the pontiff about two questions: the crusade and the union of the two Orders. (...) The failures of the Latins in the Holy Land (the Fall of Acre, 1291) are attributed to the rivalry and competition of the Temple and the Hospital. It is believed that their effectiveness would be enhanced if they were united in the same institute. (...) Jacques de Molay is not in favor and he intends to develop his arguments before the Pope. In doing so, Jacques de Molay went against the wishes of Clement V and undoubtedly the wishes of the King of France. (...)</p><p>We do not know what the result of the Poitiers discussions on this subject was. The issue of accusations against the Temple took center stage. The king, then Nogaret, urged the pope to act. De Molay, who must also have been informed of the situation by the Templars who held a function with the Pope (that of cubicular, or chamberman, for example) protested against these rumors which damaged the reputation of the order, his family. He went to Paris to hold the chapter of the province of France at the end of June 1307 and probably met the king who revealed nothing of his opinion or his intentions. The master then returned to Poitiers where he spent the summer resolving internal problems within the order. (...)</p><p>It was during this period that, increasingly worried, De Molay formally asked the Pope to open an investigation into the charges weighing on the order. It is clear that in his mind the investigation can only lead to absolving the Order of the Temple. The Pope granted his request and informed the King of France of his decision by a letter dated August 24, 1307. He tells him that no decision concerning the order must be taken before the conclusion of the investigation. And he adds that, being very ill, he must undertake restrictive medical treatment in September and that the investigation can only be carried out when he has recovered. <b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b></p><p>Things went differently.</p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog quotes English translations by TN of occasionally slightly edited or rearranged quotes from p 91-97 of <i>Les Templiers </i>by </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alain Demurger </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(2018), 127 pp, Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. Illustration Fresco depicting Clement V, picture <span class="mw-mmv-source-author"><span class="mw-mmv-author">
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Sailko" title="User:Sailko">Sailko</a>, source Wikipedia, </span></span><a class="mw-mmv-license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0" target="_blank">CC BY 3.0</a><span class="mw-mmv-restrictions">. <br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-3026410250374724112023-10-04T18:32:00.004+02:002023-10-04T18:33:33.142+02:00Medieval fairs - birth ground of multinational enterprise<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Medieval_market.jpg/1024px-Medieval_market.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="669" data-original-width="800" height="167" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Medieval_market.jpg/1024px-Medieval_market.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>The Medieval fairs of Northern France, which were already well-organized at the start of the 12th century, were one of the earliest manifestations of a linked European economy, a characteristic of the High Middle Ages. <span><a name='more'></a></span><p></p><p> From the later 12th century, the fairs of the Champagne region in northern France, conveniently sited on ancient land routes and largely self-regulated through the development of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_mercatoria" target="_blank" title="Lex mercatoria">Lex mercatoria</a>, the "merchant law", dominated the commercial and banking relations operating at the frontier region between the north and the Mediterranean.<br />
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The towns provided huge warehouses, still to be seen at Provins. Furs and skins traveled in both directions, from Spain, Sicily, and North Africa in the south via Marseilles, and the highly-prized vair, rabbit, marten and other skins from the north. From the north also came woolens and linen cloth. From the Islamic south came silk, pepper and other spices, drugs, coinage and the new concepts of credit and bookkeeping. Goods converged from Spain, travelling along the well-established pilgrim route from Santiago de Compostela and from Germany. Once the cloth sales had been concluded, the reckoning of credit at the tables of Italian money-changers effected compensatory payments for goods, established future payments on credit, made loans to princes and lords, and settled bills of exchange which were generally worded to expire at one of the Champagne fairs. </p><p>Even after trade routes had shifted away from the north-south axis that depended on the Champagne commodities fairs, the fairs continued to function as an international clearing house for paper debts and credits, as they had built up a system of commercial law, regulated by private judges separate from the feudal social order and the requirements of scrupulously maintaining a "good name", prior to the third-party enforcement of legal codes by the nation-state.<br />
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As such Troyes' geographic key position, the concentration of expertise on international trade, coinage and credit, all under the protection of the lords of the Earldom of the Champagne, was the ideal site for sparking, founding and harbouring the first "multinational enterprise" on trade and finance: the Knights Templar.<br /></p><p>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">sources: wikipedia themes on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes" target="_blank">Troyes</a> and <a href="http://medievalweaponinfo.com/festivals-middle-ages/medieval-marketsquare/" target="_blank">Champagne fairs; source </a>illustration Medieval Market, source <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Markets_in_art#/media/File:Medieval_market.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia, </a>Public Domain<br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-23237513041563922372023-08-31T17:41:00.001+02:002024-02-14T18:22:58.892+01:00<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ0KbCIgdrIdJjVt5TR1J8DjFPVSDqtaeBEPyWgtygekz9pMzCB8d6zG-UoYZgSOm2x1SZRIo-dwt7t700lVTBLHR_R-jXkOub43dod4hyPxjHmozVdVbNR2fQzV9QMKxbvXfj8P6h1-rrqCpbb_ea0izPs6yiU_hiG_vcC1q3ACjcPKg_ZdYvaJooPznU/s1024/Commercial%20activities%20by%20the%20medieval%20Military%20Orders.webp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="383" data-original-width="1024" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ0KbCIgdrIdJjVt5TR1J8DjFPVSDqtaeBEPyWgtygekz9pMzCB8d6zG-UoYZgSOm2x1SZRIo-dwt7t700lVTBLHR_R-jXkOub43dod4hyPxjHmozVdVbNR2fQzV9QMKxbvXfj8P6h1-rrqCpbb_ea0izPs6yiU_hiG_vcC1q3ACjcPKg_ZdYvaJooPznU/w320-h120/Commercial%20activities%20by%20the%20medieval%20Military%20Orders.webp" width="320" /></a></div>Everywhere, the commanderies also developed special relationships with the worlds of trade and crafts. Some examples.<p></p><p></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p>In Manosque, the Hospitallers sold wool and hired out the services of their paroir in return for a fee called a parature. In Perpignan, the Knights Templar, who owned property in the heart of the commercial districts, also rented stalls to butchers and oil merchants, as well as land and workrooms in their Saint-François housing estate. <br /><br />With wool, hides and meat, the military orders, which had developed speculative livestock farming, controlled both the supply of raw materials and the sale of processed products. Links with the urban working classes were all the closer as the new towns built by the militias were mainly inhabited by craftsmen, as has been established in Avignon and Perpignan. Finally, in the port cities, the two military orders were particularly close to the circles of Mediterranean pre-capitalism. However, these relationships, which are obscured by the commanderies' own archives, can only be identified in the rare towns with early notarial series, such as Marseille. </p><p>By renting out production and sales premises, it is easy to see how the commanderies benefited from the general increase in demand for food and manufactured products. But the commanderies also sold their own surpluses on the markets, an activity that is often only hinted at in the documentation. The urban commanderies were therefore fully integrated into the monetary economy. In 1264, for example, the Temple of Perpignan provided 43% of the cash income of the Mas Déu commandery, i.e. of all the houses in Roussillon.<br /></p><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog presents quotes, translated from French by TN, from Damien CARRAZ, <i>Les ordres militaires et le fait urbain en France méridionale (XII e-XIII e siècle)</i>, dans les <a href="https://www.persee.fr/issue/cafan_0575-061x_2009_act_44_1?sectionId=cafan_0575-061x_2009_act_44_1_2407" target="_blank">Cahiers de Fanjeaux 44</a>, source <a href="http://ufr3.univ-montp3.fr/IMG/pdf/Carraz_Les_ordres_militaires_et_le_fait_urbain_cle4a94cb.pdf " target="_blank">ufr3.univ-montp3.fr</a>, consulted 2023-07-25. Illustration working the land, from the Luttrell Psalter, <a href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-luttrell-psalter" target="_blank">British Library</a>, Public Domain</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-12103003359320591732023-08-07T14:33:00.002+02:002023-08-07T14:33:45.514+02:00Services by the military Orders to Western monarchial powers<p><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="https://www.moyenagepassion.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Saint_louis_croisade_tunis_aigues_mortes_ville_medievale.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="383" height="200" src="https://www.moyenagepassion.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Saint_louis_croisade_tunis_aigues_mortes_ville_medievale.jpg" width="187" /></a></span></span></div><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The issue of military orders in the service of Western monarchies is a vast, important and still little studied theme. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kirstjan Toomaspoeg elaborates on few main issues. In this blog we focus on the services the Military Orders provided to the Western princess.</span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span><p></p><p><span class="paranumber"></span></p><p>
</p><div class="textandnotes">
<p class="texte"></p><h1 class="texte"><a href="https://books-openedition-org.translate.goog/cvz/1297?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=nl&_x_tr_pto=wapp#tocfrom1n1" id="tocto1n1"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></a></h1>
<div class="textandnotes"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The
orders distinguished themselves above all as specialists in maritime
warfare, taking care not only of strictly military aspects, but also of
naval logistics and the organization of navigation. This was the case of
the Temple in the England of Henry III (1207-1272, TN), of the Hospital
in the Angevin kingdom of Sicily (after 1265) and in the England of
Edward II (1284-1327, TN) and Richard II (1367-1400, TN), as of Santa
María de España in Castile under Alfonso X (1221-1284, TN). Another
specialty of the orders was the defense of border regions (...) But we
still know many examples of their participation in land expeditions, in
“internal security” operations or to episodes of civil war where they
supported, in principle, the sovereigns in place. (...) Another function
regularly exercised by the members of the military orders, (was, TN)
that of ambassador, envoy and negotiator (...)</span></span></div><div class="textandnotes"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div class="textandnotes"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The
brothers of the military orders exercised administrative
functions (...) in the pontifical, French, English and
Castilian courts, appearing in the second half of the 12th century. They
rarely exercised similar functions in most other states, such
as the kingdoms of Bohemia, Poland or Hungary, or even in Scandinavia
and in the Germanic world. This difference can be explained by the
various methods of recruiting civil servants (...)</span></span></div><div class="textandnotes"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> </span></span></div>When
the crowns did not yet have a sufficient body of professional
administrators, the military orders, like other ecclesiastical
institutions, served as a basis for recruiting civil servants. Members
of military orders often came from dynamic and sometimes well-educated
sections of society, such as the urban gentry, and they had acquired
good administrative experience by managing their own possessions .
Furthermore, from the 15th century at least, these institutions were
also concerned with the education of their own staff, sometimes sending
brothers to universities to study law and other skills necessary for the
administration of heritage. The qualities of administrators from
military orders are particularly evident in the areas of finance and
treasury management. Several brothers of the Temple were treasurers of
the kings of France and England or functionaries of the Aragonese
treasury (...) </div><div class="textandnotes"> </div><div class="textandnotes"></div><div class="textandnotes"></div><div class="textandnotes">Top
explain the motivations which drove the kings to use the brothers, it
does not seem at all naive to underline the importance of the discretion
and the internal discipline of the military orders, therefore their
ability to maintain secrecy. The other explanatory factors reside in the
capillary presence of the houses of the military orders throughout
Europe, the fascination they exerted on the ideological and religious
level, finally, the personal capacities and the knowledge of the
brothers. The orders were highly regarded by most monarchies, which
sometimes even entered into competition for their collaboration (...)<span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> <br /></span></span></div><div class="textandnotes"><p class="texte"><span style="font-size: x-small; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></span></p></div><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">This
blog quotes subsequent sections, translated from French to English bij
TN and slightly edited to provide a continuous storyline,
from <i>Les ordres militaires au service des pouvoirs monarchiques occidentaux</i> by Kristjan Toomaspoeg, consulted <a href="https://books.openedition.org/cvz/1297" target="_blank">here </a>on 2023-07-25. Illustration Departure of French King Louis IX to the crusades using a Hospitaller vessel, by Maître De Boucicaut (Actif vers 1408/1420). Louvre Musum Paris. <a href="https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl020114813" target="_blank">source</a></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6440738931731819756.post-54003064274198216332023-07-25T16:08:00.007+02:002023-07-26T12:29:11.944+02:00Templars and Hospitallers as urban landlords<p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Anciens-remparts-%C3%A0-La-Couvertoirade-IMG_0124-.jpg/1024px-Anciens-remparts-%C3%A0-La-Couvertoirade-IMG_0124-.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="150" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Anciens-remparts-%C3%A0-La-Couvertoirade-IMG_0124-.jpg/1024px-Anciens-remparts-%C3%A0-La-Couvertoirade-IMG_0124-.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b>Although the strictly managerial documentation of the local commanderies sheds little light on this aspect, the economy of the military orders were essentially geared towards the needs of the Holy Land. The military orders therefore developed a profit-oriented economy based on the direct exploitation of agricultural and livestock resources, on land rents and on control of certain exchange and production activities.<b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b> Some facts on the military Orders as urban landlords.<p></p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b>(...) We should simply point out that while the initial settlement in the town was encouraged by donations, the generosity of the lay owners was always supported by a policy of purchases, backed up by astonishing financial capacities. In the city, the pressure to own land encouraged the brothers to develop strategies for acquiring and consolidating land holdings, if necessary by undercutting market prices. The temporal holdings of urban commanderies, which were generally established in the first third of the thirteenth century, seem to be characterised by two typical profiles:<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>cases where most of the assets were gathered in the surrounding countryside and where urban holdings were very limited or even absent. This situation has been identified for the two orders in Saint-Gilles or for the Temple in Montpellier. In this case, the urban house was the relay for an essentially rural economy. </li><li>settlements characterised by a typically urban heritage made up of houses and gardens on the outskirts of towns: this is the case in Nîmes, Arles, Avignon, Aix, Perpignan, etc. The size of these temporaries, whose mode of operation was based solely on rent, varied greatly from one site to another. <br /></li></ul><div>For example, at the end of the 13th century, the number of houses rented by the Knights Templar ranged from approximately 168 in Aix, 40 in Arles, 30 in Avignon and 15 in Nîmes, while the Avignon Hospital operated a property of between 60 and 100 houses. Generally speaking, these properties were concentrated in the commandery district and sometimes in the immediate vicinity of the commandery, as in Avignon and Marseille, where houses were in the "insula Templi" (Temple block). In Aix, the Temple's the Temple's housing stock was concentrated on five commercial streets. </div><div> </div><div>However, the rural influence was never absent. Michel Hébert has calculated that more than three quarters of the buildings in Manosque were owned by the Hospital. And yet, in the land registers from the first third of the 14th century, this urban heritage accounts for no more than 32% to 34% of the total number of properties acknowledged by the Order.<b><span style="font-size: medium;">"</span></b><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">This blog presents quotes, translated from French by TN, from Damien CARRAZ, <i>Les ordres militaires et le fait urbain en France méridionale (XII e-XIII e siècle)</i>, dans les cahiers de Fanjeaux 44, source <a href="http://ufr3.univ-montp3.fr/IMG/pdf/Carraz_Les_ordres_militaires_et_le_fait_urbain_cle4a94cb.pdf " target="_blank">ufr3.univ-montp3.fr</a>, consulted 2023-07-25. Illustration Couvertoirade Templar town, southern France, photo by <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Pline" target="_blank">Pline</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Couvertoirade#/media/Fichier:Anciens-remparts-%C3%A0-La-Couvertoirade-IMG_0124-.jpg" target="_blank">source Wikipedia</a>, <a class="mw-mmv-license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0" target="_blank">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></span><span class="mw-mmv-restrictions"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span><span><span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Support TemplarsNow™ by becoming a </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/user?u=30564233&fan_landing=true" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Patron</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, </span><a href="https://en.tipeee.com/templarsnow/" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">tipping us</a><span style="color: black; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> or buying one of our </span><a href="https://templarsnow.blogspot.com/p/reliable-books.html" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Reliable Books</a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div></div>Templars Nowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04305629667067062801noreply@blogger.com0